Physics of Roller Coasters Essay -- Roller Coaster Theme Park Amusemen

Roller coasters are driven almost entirely by inertial, gravitational and centripetal forces. Amusement parks keep building faster and more(prenominal) complex roller coasters, but the fundamental principles at work remain the same. A roller coaster is like rise. It consists of a series of connected cars that move on tracks. But unlike a passenger train, a roller coaster has no engine or power source of its own. For most of the ride, a roller coaster is go only by the forces of inertia and gravity. The only exertion of energy occurs at the very beginning of the ride, when the cars are pulled up the first pitcher, or the lift hill. The purpose of this first climb is to build up potential energy. The concept of potential energy is As the coaster gets higher in the air, on that point is a great distance gravity can pull it down. The potential energy built-up going up the hill can be released as kinetic energy, energy of motion, as presently as the cars start coasting down the hill. At the carrousel of the first lift hill (a), there is maximum potential energy because the train is as high as it gets. As the train starts down the hill, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy -- the train speeds up. At the bottom of the hill (b), there is maximum kinetic energy and little potential energy. The kinetic energy propels the train up the second hill (c), building up the potential-energy level. As the train enters the loop (d), it has a lot of kinetic energy and not much potential energy. The potential-energy level builds as the train speeds to the top of the loop (e), but it is soon converted back to kinetic energy as the train leaves the loop (f). When the coaster is relea... ...ly upside down, gravity is pulling you out of your seat, toward the ground, but the stronger speedup force is button you into your seat, toward the sky. Since the two forces pushing you in opposite directions are nearly equa l, your body feels very light. As in the sharp descent, you are almost weightless for the instruct moment when you are at the top of the loop. As you come out of the loop and level out, you become heavy again. In a loop-the-loop, the intensity of the acceleration force is determined by two factors the speed of the train and the angle of the turn. As the train enters the loop, it has maximum kinetic energy -- that is, it is moving at top speed. At the top of the loop, gravity has slowed the train down somewhat, so it has more potential energy and less kinetic energy -- it is moving at trim down speed.

No Tax Dollars for Religious Education Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

No Tax Dollars for Religious EducationTax dollars atomic number 18 your money at work. Do you want your money to go to fund private religious schools? Tax dollars should not fund religious education because it is a violation of the separation of church and state clause of the first amendment to the constitution. Lately we have seen proposals for vouchers. These vouchers are public money given to low income family so they may send their kids to private schools. Most of the schools who use this programme are religious. In the Cleveland voucher program we see there were 3,761 children are enrolled and 96 percent of those children are attending religious schools. Also 82 percent of the participating schools were sectarian. This voucher program was challenged in the 6th circuit court with the Simmons-Harris v. Zelman case. It was ruled the Cleveland voucher program clearly has the impermissible effect on promoting sectarian schools. Voucher plans have been brought up in many different places and most of the time they seem to arrive the same reactions. They are being shot down a...

Fort Bragg: My First Road Trip Essay -- Personal Narratives Freedom Es

Fort Bragg My First Road Trip When you are a teenager you reach a certain point in your life when you want to be independent. You get this quality that you want to do something on your own to prove you can. When I was seventeen, in the fall of 2001, I had that feeling that I needed to do something on my own. I needed an adventure to show everyone that I was old enough to be on my own for once. I needed something excite and new. I talked to my friend Annie and we came up with a plan for our adventure. We decided to go on a road trip to Fort Bragg in North Carolina, and this is my story. It was our first road trip with no adults to watch over us or to help us in any way. Annie had a full cousin named Steve who was a paratrooper at Fort Bragg. Steve was getting ready to leave for Kosovo to go on a peace keeping mission in November. Steve would be gone for six months and Annie wanted to see him before he left. The reason we picked the month of October to go on our road trip was because Annies parents were in Germany tour her sister. If her parents were home then they would not of allowed us to go to North Carolina. Annie called her parents and told them that we were going camping for the weekend. They said Annie could go and to call them when we got to the camp site. Annies parents did not swear her, so of course we had to lie a little bit. My mom, on the other hand, was a pretty understanding person so we told her where we were really going. She said that it was fine for us to go, but she did not want me to take my car. I told her that we were taking Annies parents Cadillac, but we really did not because they would notice the mileage. Our first choice of a car was Annies Volkswage... ... wait was and they said twenty-five minutes, so we put our name on the list. We were shocked we thought that the wait would be a tummy longer than twenty-five minutes. We went outside and sat on a bench in front of the restaurant while we wa ited. They finally called our name and we went inside. We ordered our nutrient and made small talk while we waited. Then it was time to say goodbye. We followed them to the exit of the base and beeped as we drove away. Road trips are fun and exciting especially if you are on your own. The road trip to Fort Bragg was an excellent adventure and I will always remember it. The trip was also a good experience for my first road trip. Sure some embarrassing events occurred during the trip, but it was all in fun. I can not wait until my following(a) adventure. I know it will be as wild and crazy, if not more, as my first road trip was.

Violent Video Games: A Bad Choice for Parents and Children Essay

Violent depiction Games A Bad Choice for Parents and Children A twelve year old boy named capital of Minnesota sits about three feet from the fifty-two inch screen television with his eyes fixated on his character, a humanlike fox. He is able to use his game controller without looking away from the television. He sits erect and is so focused on what he is doing that he is unconscious of everything that is going on around him. Occasionally he will yell out Die Die, sucker Just then his five year old brother, Skyler, stops beside him. Skyler exclaims with a smile, What are you playing? followed by, apprise I play? The violence has caught his eye. Paul replies, Sure, but I need to show you how to work the controller. He continues explaining, This is Star Fox Adventure and construe this exit thing moving. That is your foxs sight box. What you see in the box is what the fox sees. You aim it at things and you push this A button to make the fox shoot rockets at things and spatter them up. Skyler begins to get really excited, laughing and shouting, Thats cool It did not take Skyler very long to become engulfed by Pauls Nintendo GameCube system to the point of being totally unaware of all the other children running around him. This scene quickly brought to my mind a question Are video game systems good or incompetent for children within these age groups? A parent should get educated on this issue before choosing to buy one of many video systems. Parents should be pertain about the effects on their children. Despite the therapists and psychologists who have said that video games can be used as positive teaching tools (Salamander 2), I see that children of all ages, races and genders become addicted to the violence and tech... ...ay Violate Childrens Health. http//lists/.essential.org/pepermail/commercial-alert/2001/000079.html. 3 Nov. 2002.Salamander. Violence and Video Games. Game Zero Magazine. <www. gamezero.com/team-0/art icles/features/violenc_92/ 3 Nov. 2002.Stern, Michael and Jane. Nintendo. Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. New York Harper, 1992.Video Games=Good, and Study Proves It 2001. Nintendo Village. http//www.nintendo/village.com/press/releases/archives/pr3.asp 3 Nov. 2002.Video Games and Their Effect on Youth. <www.bishops.ntc.nf.ca/ct3200/students02/andrewb/term%202%20project.html. 3 Nov. 2002.Willis, Susan. Growing Up With TV and Turtles. Rev. of Playing With Power in Movies, Television and Video Games From Muppet Babies to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, by Marsha Kinder. Berkeley. Un. of California Press, 1991.

Essay --

Men and Women There is a misconception in society that has to be with the differences that exist surrounded by male and female. People think that women and men react and look into the same changes as they go through the difference stages of life. That idea is completely wrong. A pack of phycological studies affirm that since childbirth, the social, emotional and developmental differences are inevitable. The differences amongst masculine and feminine appear very early in the human development.The differences when choosing toys are very obvious. art object boys analogous to play with cars or balls, girls prefer Barbie and pink dresses. In the middle of childhood, we can appreciate those differences too, for example, at school. Boys like physical games while girls, tend to upgrade games that include talking and social communication. During those ages, parents encourage boys to explore fresh experiences and unknown things, while girls are more protected by their parents and relat ives. Boys normally have lifesize groups of friends, and they like to play together. The stronger boy in the group is considered the leader. With girls, this aspect is very different they focus on one or two bestfriends. Friendship between girls consists on keeping secrets that no one else can discover. Trust is the main element. They avoid differences. Girls prefer an identical distribution of power.That is why, when girls go, for example, to the movies they constantly try to walk in a perfect row, which means that they have identical power. In contrast, boys regularly walk in a triangular shape.The leader is supposed to be the first, and the rest of the group followthe leader. Those differences in characters and ideas that appear during childhood are re... ... get over the situation, men cannot understand those changes most of the times, and they prefer to end with their marriages or to look for hot experiences with younger women during their marriages. According to Dr. Paul Ca meron, a Maryland psychologist, reported to the Midwestern Psychological Association, based on his exhaustive research, Men like sex a lot more than women do, we men are fools for beauty. As we can see there are a lot of changes that both genders experiment during their lifebut women and men react and live each stage in a different manner. During adolescence and adulthood, the contrast that in childhood is reinforced and new hormonal changes appear. Alterations such as menstruation, maternity, breastfeeding or menopause make an enormous difference between opposite genders. The lifetime discrepancy between sexes is completely unavoidable.

Essay --

Men and Wowork force There is a misconception in society that has to be with the differences that exist amid male and female. People think that women and men contradict and experiment the same changes as they go through the difference stages of life. That idea is completely wrong. A lot of phycological studies affirm that since childbirth, the social, emotional and developmental differences are inevitable. The differences between masculine and feminine go forth very early in the human development.The differences when choosing toys are very obvious. While boys like to play with cars or balls, girls prefer Barbie and pinko dresses. In the middle of childhood, we chiffonier appreciate those differences too, for example, at school. Boys like physical games while girls, tend to favor games that include talking and social communication. During those ages, parents encourage boys to research fresh experiences and unknown things, while girls are more protected by their parents and rela tives. Boys normally have large throngs of friends, and they like to play together. The stronger boy in the group is considered the leader. With girls, this aspect is very different they focus on one or two bestfriends. Friendship between girls consists on keeping secrets that no one else can discover. Trust is the main element. They avoid differences. Girls prefer an equal distribution of power.That is why, when girls go, for example, to the movies they constantly try to walk in a perfect row, which means that they have identical power. In contrast, boys regularly walk in a triangular shape.The leader is supposed to be the first, and the rest of the group followthe leader. Those differences in characters and ideas that appear during childhood are re... ... get over the situation, men cannot understand those changes most of the times, and they prefer to end with their marriages or to look for new experiences with younger women during their marriages. According to Dr. capital of M innesota Cameron, a Maryland psychologist, reported to the Midwestern Psychological Association, based on his exhaustive research, Men like sex a lot more than women do, we men are fools for beauty. As we can see there are a lot of changes that both genders experiment during their lifebut women and men react and bang each stage in a different manner. During adolescence and adulthood, the contrast that in childhood is reinforced and new hormonal changes appear. Alterations such as menstruation, maternity, breastfeeding or menopause make an enormous difference between opposite genders. The lifetime discrepancy between sexes is completely unavoidable.

How Does Hughes Create An Effective Description of a Windy Day?

Hughes uses a variety of poetic techniques to create an effective description of a windy day. He uses a lot of figurative language, such as metaphor, simile and personification. Hughes also creates the effect of a windy day development structural techniques such as enjambement, and the cloggy technique onomatopoeia. He often uses interesting lexis to help our imaginations.Hughes uses a lot of figurative language in this poem. One particularly effective technique is metaphor. He starts the poem with the metaphor This house has been far out at sea all nightThis is very effective because it creates a very strong portray in your mind. Far out suggests isolation, and a mention of night suggests danger and fear.Another effective example of metaphor is The skyline a grimace. This suggests that the self-coloured view and landscape is grotesquely distorted. A grimace means to pull a strange face, so this makes it an example of personification. The mental image is very distinctly too.Simi le is another example of figurative language use by Hughes in this particular poem.What is the difference between a figurative and a true(a) analogy?Flexing like the lens of a mad eyeThis suggests that the view is constantly moving with the wind and the movement in my mind is visualised as everything bending, swaying and generally looking contorted.Similes are used throughout Hughess poem. Another magnificent example of a simile isRang like some fine green gobletThis makes the house seem very delicate, as a glass will shatter if it resonates at a certain pitch. Glass is brittle anyway, so using this particular material as a simile would automatically suggest fragility.Another example of simile is Black gull bent like an atomic number 26 bar slowly. This suggests that the gull is fighting against the winds strength with all its might. The mental picture it puts into my mind is very clear, and it makes me think that the wind is very powerful.Personification is a type of figurative language, giving an inanimate object humane characteristics. An example of personification occurs in line 13 of the poemThe fields quivering, the skyline a grimaceThe fields are quivering which suggests that they are afraid of the wind, and are shaking and ducking down to avoid the devastation that the wind can cause. In genuine fact, the wind makes the grass bend over.Hughes uses structural techniques in his poetry, and enjambement is the one that probably stands out the most.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Sixty

JonAre you swell, Snow? master Mormont asked, scowling.Well, his raven squawked. Well.I am, my lord, Jon lied . . . loudly, as if that could make it true. And you?Mormont frowned. A dead public tried to kill me. How well could I be? He scratched under his chin. His shaggy grey beard had been singed in the fire, and hed hacked it shoot. The pale stubble of his new whisker made him look grey-headed, disreputable, and grumpy. You do not look well. How is your excrete?Healing. Jon flexed his bandaged fingers to show him. He had burned himself more badly than he knew thro locomote the flaming drapes, and his even off hand was swathed in silk halfway to the elbow. At the time hed felt nothing the agony had come after(prenominal). His cracked red skin oozed fluid, and fearsome blood blisters move up between his fingers, big as roaches. The maester says Ill restrain scars, barely otherwise the hand should be as upright as it was before.A scarred hand is nothing. On the W all(pre nominal), youll be wearing gloves very much as not.As you say, my lord. It was not the theme of scars that troubled Jon it was the rest of it. Maester Aemon had given him milk of the poppy, yet even so, the pain had been hideous. At first it had felt as if his hand were still aflame, burning sidereal day and night. Only plunging it into basins of snow and s hired ice gave any relief at all. Jon thanked the gods that no one but Ghost saw him writhing on his bed, whimpering from the pain. And when at oddment he did sleep, he dreamt, and that was even worse. In the dream, the corpse he fought had aristocratic eyes, black hands, and his bewilders face, but he dared not tell Mormont that.Dywen and Hake returned last night, the Old Bear said. They found no sign of your uncle, no more than the others did.I hunch over. Jon had dragged himself to the commons hall to sup with his friends, and the failure of the rangers search had been all the work force had been talking of.You know, M ormont grumbled. How is it that everyone knows everything around here? He did not gain vigorm to expect an answer. It would seem at that place were only the two of . . . of those creatures, whatever they were, I go out not direct them men. And thank the gods for that. Any more and . . . well, that doesnt bear calling of. There will be more, though. I bunghole feel it in these old bones of mine, and Maester Aemon agrees. The cold winds are rising. Summer is at an end, and a winter is coming such as this world has neer seen.Winter is coming. The Stark words had never sounded so grim or ominous to Jon as they did now. My lord, he asked hesitantly, its said there was a bird last night . . . There was. What of it?I had hoped for some word of my father.Father, taunted the old raven, bobbing its head as it walked across Mormonts shoulders. Father.The churchman Com partder reached up to pussyfoot its beak shut, but the raven hopped up on his head, fluttered its wings, and flew acro ss the chamber to light above a window. Grief and hoo-hah, Mormont grumbled. Thats all theyre good for, ravens. Why I put up with that pestilential bird . . . if there was news of Lord Eddard, dont you think I would throw away sent for you? Bastard or no, youre still his blood. The pass on concerned Ser Barristan Selmy. It seems hes been removed from the Kingsguard. They gave his place to that black dog Clegane, and now Selmys desireed for trea pas blade. The fools sent some watchmen to seize him, but he slew two of them and escaped. Mormont snorted, exit no query of his view of men whod send gold cloaks against a knight as renowed as Barristan the Bold. We have white shadows in the woods and squalling dead stalking our halls, and a male child sits the Iron Throne, he said in disgust.The raven laughed shrilly. Boy, boy, boy, boy.Ser Barristan had been the Old Bears best hope, Jon remembered if he had fallen, what chance was there that Mormonts garner would be heeded? He cur led his hand into a fist. Pain s animated through his burned fingers. What of my sisters?The message made no mention of Lord Eddard or the girls. He gave an irritated shrug. Perhaps they never got my letter. Aemon sent two copies, with his best birds, but who can say? More like, Pycelle did not deign to reply. It would not be the first time, nor the last. I fear we count for less than nothing in Kings Landing. They tell us what they extremity us to know, and thats little enough.And you tell me what you want me to know, and thats less, Jon vista resentfully. His brother Robb had called the banners and ridden south to war, yet no word of that had been breathed to him . . . save by Samwell Tarly, whod read the letter to Maester Aemon and whispered its contents to Jon that night in secret, all the time saying how he shouldnt. Doubtless they thought his brothers war was none of his concern. It troubled him more than he could say. Robb was marching and he was not. No matter how often Jo n told himself that his place was here now, with his new brothers on the Wall, he still felt craven.Corn, the raven was crying. Corn, corn.Oh, be quiet, the Old Bear told it. Snow, how soon does Maester Aemon say youll have intent of that hand back?Soon, Jon replied.Good. On the table between them, Lord Mormont laid a large sword in a black metal scabbard tie with silver. Here. Youll be ready for this, accordingly.The raven flapped down and landed on the table, strutting toward the sword, head cocked curiously. Jon hesitated. He had no inkling what this meant. My lord?The fire melted the silver off the pommel and burnt the crossguard and grip. Well, dry leather and old wood, what could you expect? The blade, now . . . youd need a fire a hundred times as hot to harm the blade. Mormont shoved the scabbard across the rough oak planks. I had the rest made anew. Take it.Take it, echoed his raven, preening. Take it, take it.Awkwardly, Jon took the sword in hand. His left hand his banda ged right was still too raw and clumsy. Carefully he pulled it from its scabbard and raised it level with his eyes.The pommel was a hunk of pale colliery charge with lead to balance the long blade. It had been carved into the likeness of a snarling wolfs head, with chips of garnet set into the eyes. The grip was virgin leather, soft and black, as yet unstained by drive or blood. The blade itself was a good half foot longer than those Jon was used to, tapered to thrust as well as slash, with three fullers late incised in the metal. Where Ice was a true two-handed greatsword, this was a hand-and-a-halfer, sometimes named a bastard sword. Yet the wolf sword actually seemed transport than the blades he had wielded before. When Jon turned it sideways, he could see the ripples in the dark steel where the metal had been folded back on itself again and again. This is Valyrian steel, my lord, he said wonderingly. His father had let him handle Ice often enough he knew the look, the feel. It is, the Old Bear told him. It was my fathers sword, and his fathers before him. The Mormonts have carried it for five centuries. I wielded it in my day and passed it on to my son when I took the black.He is giving me his sons sword. Jon could scarcely believe it. The blade was exquisitely balanced. The edges glimmered faintly as they kissed the light. Your sonMy son brought dishonor to House Mormont, but at least he had the grace to leave the sword behind when he fled. My sister returned it to my keeping, but the very sight of it reminded me of Jorahs shame, so I put it away and thought no more of it until we found it in the ashes of my bedchamber. The original pommel was a bears head, silver, yet so worn its features were all but indistinguishable. For you, I thought a white wolf more apt. One of our builders is a fair stonecarver.When Jon had been Brans age, he had dreamed of doing great deeds, as boys evermore did. The details of his feats changed with every dreaming, but q uite often he imagined saving his fathers life. Afterward Lord Eddard would declare that Jon had proved himself a true Stark, and place Ice in his hand. Even then he had known it was only a childs folly no bastard could ever hope to wield a fathers sword. Even the memory shamed him. What assortment of man stole his own brothers birthright? I have no right to this, he thought, no more than to Ice. He twitched his burned fingers, feeling a throb of pain deep under the skin. My lord, you honor me, butSpare me your buts, boy, Lord Mormont interrupted. I would not be sitting here were it not for you and that fauna of yours. You fought bravely . . . and more to the point, you thought quickly. Fire Yes, damn it. We ought to have known. We ought to have remembered. The Long Night has come before. Oh, eight thousand years is a good while, to be sure . . . yet if the Nights Watch does not remember, who will?Who will, chimed the talkative raven. Who will.Truly, the gods had heard Jons prayer that night the fire had caught in the dead mans clothing and consumed him as if his flesh were candle wax and his bones old dry wood. Jon had only to close his eyes to see the thing staggering across the solar, crashing against the furniture and flailing at the flames. It was the face that haunted him most surrounded by a nimbus of fire, hair blazing like straw, the dead flesh melting away and sloughing off its skull to reveal the gleam of bone beneath.Whatever demonic force moved Othor had been driven out by the flames the twisted thing they had found in the ashes had been no more than cooked meat and charred bone. Yet in his nightmare he faced it again . . . and this time the burning corpse wore Lord Eddards features. It was his fathers skin that violate and blackened, his fathers eyes that ran liquid down his cheeks like jellied tears. Jon did not understand why that should be or what it might mean, but it frightened him more than he could say.A swords gloomy payment for a li fe, Mormont concluded. Take it, Ill hear no more of it, is that understood?Yes, my lord. The soft leather gave beneath Jons fingers, as if the sword were model itself to his grip already. He knew he should be honored, and he was, and yet . . .He is not my father. The thought leapt unbidden to Jons mind. Lord Eddard Stark is my father. I will not forget him, no matter how many swords they give me. Yet he could scarcely tell Lord Mormont that it was another mans sword he dreamt of . . .I want no courtesies either, Mormont said, so thank me no thanks. Honor the steel with deeds, not words.Jon nodded. Does it have a name, my lord?It did, once. Longclaw, it was called.Claw, the raven cried. Claw.Longclaw is an apt name. Jon tried a dedicate cut. He was clumsy and uncomfortable with his left hand, yet even so the steel seemed to flow through the air, as if it had a will of its own. Wolves have claws, as much as bears.The Old Bear seemed pleased by that. I suppose they do. Youll want to wear that over the shoulder, I imagine. Its too long for the hip, at least until youve put on a few inches. And youll need to work at your two-handed strikes as well. Ser Endrew can show you some moves, when your burns have healed.Ser Endrew? Jon did not know the name.Ser Endrew Tarth, a good man. Hes on his way from the ShadowTower to assume the duties of master-at-arms. Ser Alliser Thorne left yestermorn for Eastwatch-by-the-Sea.Jon lowered the sword. Why? he said, stupidly.Mormont snorted. Because I sent him, why do you think? Hes bringing the hand your Ghost tore off the end of Jafer Flowerss wrist. I have commanded him to take ship to Kings Landing and lay it before this boy king. That should get young Joffreys attention, Id think . . . and Ser Allisers a knight, highborn, anointed, with old friends at court, altogether harder to ignore than a glorified crow.Crow. Jon thought the raven sounded faintly indignant.As well, the Lord Commander continued, ignoring the birds protest, it puts a thousand leagues twixt him and you without it seeming a rebuke. He jabbed a finger up at Jons face. And dont think this means I approve of that falderol in the common hall. Valor makes up for a fair amount of folly, but youre not a boy anymore, however many years youve seen. Thats a mans sword you have there, and it will take a man to wield her. Ill expect you to act the part, henceforth.Yes, my lord. Jon slid the sword back into the silver-banded scabbard. If not the blade he would have chosen, it was nonetheless a noble gift, and freeing him from Alliser Thornes malignance was nobler still.The Old Bear scratched at his chin. I had forgotten how much a new beard itches, he said. Well, no help for that. Is that hand of yours healed enough to resume your duties?Yes, my lord.Good. The night will be cold, Ill want hot spice wine. Find me a flagon of red, not too sour, and dont skimp on the spices. And tell Hobb that if he sends me boiled mutton again Im like to boil him. Tha t last haunch was grey. Even the bird wouldnt touch it. He stroked the ravens head with his thumb, and the bird made a contented quorking sound. Away with you. Ive work to do.The guards smiled at him from their niches as he wound his way down the turret stair, escapeing the sword in his good hand. Sweet steel, one man said. You earned that, Snow, another told him. Jon made himself smile back at them, but his heart was not in it. He knew he should be pleased, yet he did not feel it. His hand ached, and the penchant of anger was in his mouth, though he could not have said who he was angry with or why.A half dozen of his friends were lurking outside when he left the Kings Tower, where Lord Commander Mormont now made his residence. Theyd hung a target on the granary doors, so they could seem to be honing their skills as archers, but he knew lurkers when he saw them. No sooner did he come forward than Pyp called out, Well, come rough, lets have a look.At what? Jon said.Toad sidled cl ose. Your rosy butt cheeks, what else?The sword, Grenn stated. We want to see the sword.Jon raked them with an accusing look. You knew.Pyp grinned. Were not all as dumb as Grenn.You are so, insisted Grenn. Youre dumber.Halder gave an apologetic shrug. I helped Pate carve the stone for the pommel, the builder said, and your friend Sam bought the garnets in Moles Town.We knew even before that, though, Grenn said. Rudge has been helping Donal Noye in the forge. He was there when the Old Bear brought him the burnt blade.The sword Matt insisted. The others took up the chant. The sword, the sword, the sword.Jon un pillowcaseed Longclaw and showed it to them, turning it this way and that so they could admire it. The bastard blade glittered in the pale sunlight, dark and deadly. Valyrian steel, he declared solemnly, trying to sound as pleased and proud as he ought to have felt.I heard of a man who had a razor made of Valyrian steel, declared Toad. He cut his head off trying to shave.Pyp gri nned. The Nights Watch is thousands of years old, he said, but Ill act as Lord Snows the first brother ever honored for burning down the Lord Commanders Tower.The others laughed, and even Jon had to smile. The fire hed started had not, in truth, burned down that formidable stone tower, but it had done a fair job of gutting the interior of the top two floors, where the Old Bear had his chambers. No one seemed to mind that very much, since it had similarly destroyed Othors murderous corpse.The other wight, the one-handed thing that had once been a ranger named Jafer Flowers, had also been destroyed, cut near to pieces by a dozen swords . . . but not before it had slain Ser Jaremy Rykker and four other men. Ser Jaremy had finished the job of hacking its head off, yet had died all the same when the headless corpse pulled his own dagger from its sheath and buried it in his bowels. Strength and courage did not avail much against foemen who would not fall because they were already dead e ven arms and armor offered small protection.That grim thought soured Jons fragile mood. I need to see Hobb about the Old Bears supper, he announced brusquely, sliding Longclaw back into its scabbard. His friends meant well, but they did not understand. It was not their fault, truly they had not had to face Othor, they had not seen the pale glow of those dead blue eyes, had not felt the cold of those dead black fingers. Nor did they know of the fighting in the riverlands. How could they hope to comprehend? He turned away from them abruptly and strode off, sullen. Pyp called after him, but Jon paid him no mind.They had moved him back to his old cell in tumbledown Hardins Tower after the fire, and it was there he returned. Ghost was curled up asleep beside the door, but he lifted his head at the sound of Jons boots. The direwolfs red eyes were darker than garnets and wiser than men. Jon knelt, scratched his ear, and showed him the pommel of the sword. Look. Its you.Ghost sniffed at his carved stone likeness and tried a lick. Jon smiled. Youre the one deserves an honor, he told the wolf . . . and dead he found himself remembering how hed found him, that day in the late summer snow. They had been riding off with the other pups, but Jon had heard a noise and turned back, and there he was, white fur almost invisible against the drifts. He was all alone, he thought, apart from the others in the litter. He was different, so they cloud him out.Jon? He looked up. Samwell Tarly stood rocking nervously on his heels. His cheeks were red, and he was wrapped in a heavy fur cloak that made him look ready for hibernation.Sam. Jon stood. What is it? Do you want to see the sword? If the others had known, no doubt Sam did too.The fat boy shook his head. I was heir to my fathers blade once, he said mournfully. Heartsbane. Lord Randyll let me hold it a few times, but it always scared me. It was Valyrian steel, beautiful but so sharp I was afraid Id hurt one of my sisters. Dickon w ill have it now. He wiped sweaty hands on his cloak. I ah . . . Maester Aemon wants to see you.It was not time for his bandages to be changed. Jon frowned suspiciously. Why? he demanded. Sam looked miserable. That was answer enough. You told him, didnt you? Jon said angrily. You told him that you told me.I . . . he . . . Jon, I didnt want to . . . he asked . . . I mean I think he knew, he sees things no one else sees . . . Hes blind, Jon pointed out forcefully, disgusted. I can find the way myself. He left Sam standing there, openmouthed and quivering.He found Maester Aemon up in the rookery, feeding the ravens. Clydas was with him, carrying a bucket of chop meat as they shuffled from cage to cage. Sam said you wanted me?The maester nodded. I did indeed. Clydas, give Jon the bucket. Perhaps he will be kind enough to incite me. The hunched, pink-eyed brother handed Jon the bucket and scurried down the ladder. Toss the meat into the cages, Aemon instructed him. The birds will do the rest. Jon shifted the bucket to his right hand and thrust his left down into the bally(a) bits. The ravens began to scream noisily and fly at the bars, beating at the metal with night-black wings. The meat had been chopped into pieces no larger than a finger joint. He change his fist and tossed the raw red morsels into the cage, and the squawking and squabbling grew hotter. Feathers flew as two of the larger birds fought over a woof piece. Quickly Jon grabbed a second handful and threw it in after the first. Lord Mormonts raven likes fruit and corn.He is a rare bird, the maester said. Most ravens will eat grain, but they prefer flesh. It makes them strong, and I fear they relish the taste of blood. In that they are like men . . . and like men, not all ravens are alike.Jon had nothing to say to that. He threw meat, wondering why hed been summoned. No doubt the old man would tell him, in his own good time. Maester Aemon was not a man to be hurried.Doves and pigeons can also be tra ined to carry messages, the maester went on, though the raven is a stronger flyer, larger, bolder, far more clever, better able to defend itself against hawks . . . yet ravens are black, and they eat the dead, so some godly men abhor them. Baelor the Blessed tried to replace all the ravens with doves, did you know? The maester turned his white eyes on Jon, smiling. The Nights Watch prefers ravens.Jons fingers were in the bucket, blood up to the wrist. Dywen says the wildlings call us crows, he said uncertainty.The crow is the ravens poor cousin. They are both beggars in black, hated and misunderstood.Jon wished he understood what they were talking about, and why. What did he care about ravens and doves? If the old man had something to say to him, why couldnt he just say it?Jon, did you ever wonder why the men of the Nights Watch take no wives and father no children? Maester Aemon asked.Jon shrugged. No. He scattered more meat. The fingers of his left hand were slimy with blood, and his right throbbed from the weight of the bucket.So they will not love, the old man answered, for love is the bane of honor, the death of duty.That did not sound right to Jon, yet he said nothing. The maester was a hundred years old, and a high ships officer of the Nights Watch it was not his place to contradict him.The old man seemed to sense his doubts. Tell me, Jon, if the day should ever come when your lord father must inescapably choose between honor on the one hand and those he loves on the other, what would he do?Jon hesitated. He wanted to say that Lord Eddard would never dishonor himself, not even for love, yet inside a small sly voice whispered, He fathered a bastard, where was the honor in that? And your mother, what of his duty to her, he will not even say her name. He would do whatever was right, he said . . . ringingly, to make up for his hesitation. No matter what.Then Lord Eddard is a man in ten thousand. Most of us are not so strong. What is honor compared to a wo mans love? What is duty against the feel of a newborn son in your arms . . . or the memory of a brothers smile? Wind and words. Wind and words. We are only human, and the gods have fashioned us for love. That is our great glory, and our great tragedy.The men who formed the Nights Watch knew that only their courage shielded the realm from the darkness to the north. They knew they must have no pided loyalties to weaken their resolve. So they vowed they would have no wives nor children.Yet brothers they had, and sisters. Mothers who gave them birth, fathers who gave them names. They came from a hundred quarrelsome kingdoms, and they knew times may change, but men do not. So they pledged as well that the Nights Watch would take no part in the battles of the realms it guarded.They kept their pledge. When Aegon slew Black Harren and claimed his kingdom, Harrens brother was Lord Commander on the Wall, with ten thousand swords to hand. He did not march. In the days when the Seven Kingdoms w ere seven kingdoms, not a generation passed that three or four of them were not at war. The Watch took no part. When the Andals crossed the narrow sea and swept away the kingdoms of the First Men, the sons of the fallen kings held true to their vows and remained at their posts. So it has always been, for years beyond counting. Such is the bell of honor.A craven can be as brave as any man, when there is nothing to fear. And we all do our duty, when there is no hail to it. How easy it seems then, to walk the path of honor. Yet soon or late in every mans life comes a day when it is not easy, a day when he must choose.Some of the ravens were still eating, long stringy bits of meat dangling from their beaks. The rest seemed to be watching him. Jon could feel the weight of all those critical black eyes. And this is my day . . . is that what youre saying?Maester Aemon turned his head and looked at him with those dead white eyes. It was as if he were seeing right into his heart. Jon felt naked and exposed. He took the bucket in both hands and flung the rest of the slops through the bars. Strings of meat and blood flew everywhere, scattering the ravens. They took to the air, shrieking wildly. The quicker birds snatched morsels on the wing and gulped them down greedily. Jon let the empty bucket clang to the floor.The old man laid a withered, spotted hand on his shoulder. It hurts, boy, he said softly. Oh, yes. Choosing . . . it has always hurt. And always will. I know.You dont know, Jon said bitterly. No one knows. Even if I am his bastard, hes still my father . . . Maester Aemon sighed. Have you heard nothing Ive told you, Jon? Do you think you are the first? He shook his ancient head, a gesture weary beyond words. Three times the gods saw fit to test my vows. erst when I was a boy, once in the fullness of my manhood, and once when I had grown old. By then my strength was fled, my eyes grown dim, yet that last choice was as cruel as the first. My ravens would bring the news from the south, words darker than their wings, the ruin of my House, the death of my kin, disgrace and desolation. What could I have done, old, blind, frail? I was preoccupied as a suckling babe, yet still it grieved me to sit forgotten as they cut down my brothers poor grandson, and his son, and even the little children . . . Jon was shocked to see the shine of tears in the old mans eyes. Who are you? he asked quietly, almost in dread.A toothless smile quivered on the ancient lips. Only a maester of the Citadel, bound in service to Castle Black and the Nights Watch. In my order, we put aside our house names when we take our vows and don the collar. The old man touched(p) the maesters chain that hung loosely around his thin, fleshless neck. My father was Maekar, the First of his Name, and my brother Aegon reigned after him in my stead. My grandfather named me for Prince Aemon the Dragonknight, who was his uncle, or his father, depending on which tale you believe. Aemon, he called me . . . Aemon . . . Targaryen? Jon could scarcely believe it.Once, the old man said. Once. So you see, Jon, I do know . . . and knowing, I will not tell you stay or go. You must make that choice yourself, and live with it all the rest of your days. As I have. His voice fell to a whisper. As I have . . .

Technology in Oncology Nursing

Information technology has made improvements to patient safety device. Access to patient information and records that is needed to develop and implement the computer program of care laughingstock be obtained immediately at the bedside because of technology such as pagers and wireless devices. In some facilities, alerts are produced as triggers for patient safety concerns such as adverse drug reactions or abnormal laboratory data. These alerts are beneficial in oncology nursing as the nurse is warned of low blood counts or kidney functions before administering chemotherapy.Interdisciplinary communication has become ore convenient, especially in the case of an emergency because of technology advancements (Bake et al. , 2004). Therefore, the provider merchant ship be notified immediately of an adverse reaction to a chemotherapy agent for example. Use of technology is proving to be more high-octane through research in the nursing practice. Patient data collected on musical theme c ontains a higher number of entry errors, higher costs, and more time spent on reviewing the data when compared to electronic methods.The nurse can quickly prise patient data such laboratory result, obtain a new physician order, and discuss t with the patient without ever leaving the bedside. The nurse is allowed an append in autonomy because of these advancement methods (Hardwire, Paid, & Delano, 2007). Autonomy is critical for an outpatient oncology setting. The patients care is under the direction of the nurse and in the case of a reaction event quick, efficient decisions must be made for the well-being of the patient. In addition to safety and efficiency, technology has aided in the patient-centered focus of the nursing practice.Practitioners are more promising to follow the standard of care with fewer variations when informatics is seed. In turn, better patient outcomes are likely to follow. When a standard of care is used, the nurse can better know how to educate his or her patients regarding the plan of care (Hardwire et al. , 2007). In oncology, research trials are frequently conducted to obtain more information on interference options. Bioethics principles are incorporated into these studies for the benefit of those involved. The principles of beneficence, maleficent, justice, and autonomy are discussed.Beneficence declares that research should not cause harm (maleficent) to participants, but are instead intended to benefit he participant and others (Polio & Beck, 2012). In other words, the oncology patient may undergo a chemotherapy study without being harmed in order to draw a conclusion on the benefits of the treatment for the future. The patient is able to withdraw participation in the study at any time (Polio & Beck, 2012). Information technology has impacted this principle collect to the increases in safety measures previously discussed by Bake et al (2004).Justice provides the patient with privacy acts and fairness in the trial selection (P olio & Beck, 2012). Information technology can be incorporated into this principal since practitioners are more likely to follow the standards of the trial for participant selection when informatics is used instead of selecting a defenceless population. Therefore, better patient outcomes are likely to follow (Hardwire et al. , 2007). Lastly, autonomy for the patient could be altered by information technology. Researchers may collect data through electronic means without the knowledge or consent of the subjects.

Hysteretic Behaviour of an SDOF System

There have been several research workers who have attempted to develop processs for gauging maximum in stretchable supervene upons. It is deserve observing that nearly of these surveies use stuff theoretical accounts which followed simplehystereticnon-degrading regulatings. There have merely been a few of these surveies which have considered debasement effects. A brief sum-up of earlier surveies in this field are given below.The first research work sing the equal supplanting regulation was conducted by citet nm who analysedSDOFsystems utilizing three seism records.Elasto-plastic theoretical accounts were assumed which show no strain curing. Even with the limited land gesture records and idealized theoretical account, they were overpower to pull a finish that in low frequence parts ( or high degrees ) , the maximal in expansile distortions is equal to the maximal elastic distortions. Although in that location would be great benefits if this regulation were to keep true for anyhysteretictheoretical account, the inquiry that is raised is whether or non we can associate the maximal inelastic distortions to the maximal elastic distortions for low periods where the inelastic supplanting exceeds that of the elastic.A similar numerical survey was carried out by citet shim nevertheless instead than merely analyzing onehysteretictheoretical account, the survey was carried out on five several(predicate)hysteretictypes. The rule theoretical accounts used were either bilinear or ofcloughtype, with no debasement considered. As opposed to the old survey, merely one temblor record was used for the analysis. Having said that, they were able to come up with a relationship amidst maximal inelastic and elastic supplantings for different period symmetrys. To summarize their findings, they concluded that for periods higher than that of the characteristic period ( after the changeless speed passage on the response spectra ) the maximal inelastic supplanting peers ab out the maximal elastic supplanting they found this to be true for all thehysteretictypes used, therefore corroborating the equal supplanting regulation. They besides found that for periods less than the characteristic, the inelastic supplanting was greater than that of the elastic. They go on farther to reason that this difference is dependent on thehysteretictheoretical account used and the sidelong strength of the construction in mention to the elastic strength. Other research workers such as citet chi have confirmed this decision.An extended research was conducted by cite m, mom,megabit who analysed over 30,000SDOFsystems utilizing 124 land gesture records on different dirt types. Having developed proportions of maximal inelastic to elastic supplantings for three different types of dirt conditions utilizing anelastoplasticstuff, he so extended his work by developing symmetryns between maximal inelastic to elastic supplantings for changing temblor magnitudes, epicentre dist ance and dirt conditions.Subsequently on, cite mi1 found another manner to associate maximal inelastic supplantings to maximum elastic supplantings without the usage of inelastic supplanting ratios, viz. , the indirect method. He did this through the usage of strength decrease factors by multiplying maximal elastic supplantings by change factors, he was able to come close the maximal inelastic supplantings. He was besides able to demo that the indirect method is a first set out estimate of the first, bring forthing non-conservative consequences as opposed to utilizing inelastic supplanting ratios.Sing debasement effects, citet clo developed a theoretical account where stiffness debasement was taken into history and incorporated in theelasto-plastic theoretical account. The chief difference between the originalelasto-plastic theoretical account and the modified stiffness degrading theoretical account is that there is a decreased energy soaking up per rhythm after the point of givi ng up.Cloughwas able to reason that compared with theelasto-plastic theoretical account, there was no definitive alterations in ductileness demand for constructions with periods longer than 0.6 seconds when analysis degrading stiffness theoretical account. However,Cloughbesides found that a larger ductileness demand was required for short period constructions when compared to theelasto-plastic theoretical account.citet tak70 developed a more refined and sophisticated hysteresis theoretical account on the footing of experimental observations. This theoretical account included stiffness alterations at flexural snap and giving up, and besides strain-hardening features. The unloading stiffness was reduced by an exponential map of the old maximal distortion.Takedabesides prepared a set of regulations for magnetic core reversals within the outmost hysteresis cringle. These are major betterments over theClough( 1966 ) theoretical account.It was citet fu who developed thehysteretictheoret ical account that includes flexural stiffness belongingss. This theoretical account, besides named the degradingTrilinearHysteresis Model, behaves in an indistinguishable manner as the bilinear theoretical account up to the rig point. Beyond the output point, the system behaves in a absolutely fictile manner. When the stuff is unloaded, the mention output point is changed to the unloading point merely before the unloading takes topographic point, besides the unloading stiffness matching to pre- and post-cracking are reduced in resemblance to do the stuff behave as the bilinear theoretical account between both positive and negative output points.Although it is of import to understand the different types of debasement, whether or non it has a important consequence on the inelastic supplanting ratios and the overall seismal public presentation is still a subject of research.In add-on to inelastic supplanting ratios, alteration factors and debasement of stuffs, the concluding supplant ing of a system, otherwise known as the residuary supplanting is a subject which has caught the involvement of many research workers. citet 1,2 found out that the unloading-reloading regulations of thehysteretictheoretical account used has a important impact on the magnitude of residuary supplantings. Furthermore, they found that when the hardening ratio is increased, the magnitude of the residuary supplanting is decreased. When sing the effects of stiffness debasement during droping they concluded that the magnitude of residuary supplanting decreased even more.another(prenominal) early survey by citet 4 showed that the mean over 10 records, residuary supplantings from an elastic-perfectly plastic bilinear theoretical account is more than the value from the citet 3 theoretical account. Furthermore, the values of the computed residuary supplantings was inconsistent and showed a big spread.citet 5 and citet 6 carried out parametric analysis of bilinear theoretical accounts a nd concluded that the most important factor that affected the residuary supplanting is the post-yield hardening. They besides added that the effects of magnitude, epicentre distance, dirt conditions and periods were minimum on the ratio between residuary and natural elevation supplantings.cite 8 looked at the residuary distortion ofSDOFsystems under 20 different land gestures, each with changinghystereticregulations and parametric quantities. They made a comparing between the modifiedTakedatheoretical account citet 9,10 and the bilinearelasto-plastic theoretical account. The decision was residuary supplantings from the modifiedTakedatheoretical account were a fraction of those from the bilinearelasto-plastic stuff, besides, with increasing droping stiffness debasement, the ration of residuary to top out inelastic supplanting is decreased. As with the old survey, they found that for both theoretical accounts, the indurating ratio impacts residuary supplantings and travel farther to state that the residuary supplanting decreased when the indurating ratio additions from 0 % to 5 % and addition when the softening ratio goes to -10 % .citet 12,13 focused on the ratio of residuary to elastic spectral supplantings of bilinearSDOFsystems. They were able to happen that the residuary supplanting ratio of a bilinear system with a indurating ratio of nothing or 1 % additions perceptibly when the force decrease factor increases up to 3, but truly small beyond this point. However, they concluded that in the bilinear system, the residuary to elastic spectral supplanting is non significantly affected with decrease factors between 1.5 and 6. In fact, the ratio of residuary to elastic spectral supplantings seems to diminish when the decrease factor is increased from 1.5 to 6. They besides noted that site conditions, magnitude and epicentre distance had a pincer consequence on the ratio of residuary to elastic spectral supplanting, as with the old surveies.% % Section 2% section Drumhead It is by and large agree that the equal supplanting regulation is valid for periods higher than the characteristic period. However, for periods lower than the characteristic period this ratio varies depending on the type ofhystereticbehavior. This fluctuation will be analysed through the usage of manyhysteretictheoretical accounts.There are many changing methods of sing debasement. However, the consequences obtained through single methods do non conform to the same solution. The ground why this is the grammatical case will be investigated.Residual supplantings are besides a subject of contention. The relationship between the decrease factor $ q $ and the residuary supplanting ratio is unsure. This ratio will be determined for a scope ofhysteretictheoretical accounts in hunt for a relationship between the two parametric quantities stated above. AskMergoswhat other relationships

Proof of Unreliability in the Cask of Amontillado

Michael Ljubsa ID 1790093 Rashmi Jyoti ENGL-103 CU85 Word Count 998 Proof of Unreliability in The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe is an author cognize for his pieces of literature which roofture the element of mystery. Many times, scholars debate over the true meaning behind his texts as they are often written as narratives. This combine of an unclear meaning behind his work and the fact that his stories are narratives often leads to the question of, To what extent can the narrator be relied upon? The same issue arises in Poes, The Cask of Amontillado.The story is a reflection of the past, involving a plot that evolves into a murder mystery involving twain gentlemen, Montresor and Fortunato. The story is told from Montresors point of view, recalling an crimsont that occured fifty age ago. Montresor secretly despises Fortunato referable to past teases that are claimed to be unforgiveable. Montresor demands revenge for these acts and plans Fortunatos murder and later trick s him into demise. The story provokes questioning as to whether the narrator of the story can be relied upon to accurately display the events described.In Edgar Allan Poes, The Cask of Amontillado, Montresor does not provide enough insight into the information that remains with hidden meaning. He fails to provide significant causes for action due to the lack of description and proof, and the arugment of whether Montresor could be considered insane also arises. Montresor only further confuses the endorser by pointing out all the obvious irony surrounding the two main characters Montresor and Fortunato. Therefore, the narrators accounts cannot be considered reliable.The lack of Montresors ability to explain the past and why he feels such a hatred towards Fortunato is why his account of the story cannot be relied upon. The Cask of Amontillado begins with Montresor providing his own conclude for wishing death upon Fortunato. The two first lines read, The thousand injuries of Fortunat o I had borne as best I could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge(218). Right from the start the reader is confused as to what this insult actually is, as it remains to go unexplained for the remainder of the story. In her article discussing The Cask of Amontillado, Elena V. Baraban asks, why did he do it? (47) The intrigue of the story comes from attempting to answer this seemingly simple question. Many stories would provide a motive and reason for such horrendous acts however, Montresor provides no such explanation for the murder he commits. It can be continually questioned as to what this insult was, as no cerebral person would avenge an insult with murder. The narrators reliabilty is questioned even further considering Montresor withstood thousand injuries borne upon him by Fortunato. It seems as though Montresor was not remotely bothered by these injuries, which reiterates the question of Why did he do it?What exactly made Montresor take Fortunatos insult in such a disrespectful and hateful way that would make him wish death upon Fortunato? This confusion proves the narrators unreliability. A second thinker supporting the notion that Montresor is an unreliable narrator is the seemingly apparent insanity of Montresor. Restating the thought of Montresor murdering Fortunato over an insult supports the idea of Montresor being insane. An instance where Montresor could be viewed as insane would be where he is imprisoning the helpless Fortunato behind a brick wall that he has constructed. I placed my leave upon the solid fabric of the catacombs, and felt satisfied. (222) The gratification that comes of ease over Montresor as a result of his murder makes insanity a high possibility for a motif behind his actions. Montressors fulfillment is also shown when he states, My heart grew sick it was the dampness of the catacombs that made it so (223). Even after fifty years, Montresor feels absolutely no remorse for his actions. Such a lack of sorrow and guilt, even after fifty years, could only be found with a psychopath. Montresors insanity makes his description even more unreliable.Another aspect of the story that makes Montressor unreliable is all the irony that he brings to our attention. We find that Fortunato is named ironically, as Fortunato, closely resembles the word flushed. This man resembling the word fortunate actually ends up having a very unfortunate death as he is manipulated by Montresor and gets buried alive. Additionally, Fortunato wears a jest costume complete with the cap and bells. This provides early signs that Fortunato is to become a fool. On the other hand, Montresor wears a silk black mask showing the readers that he is indeed the dark, manipulative figure in the story.Another subject of irony is how the setting of the story is initially the carnival, and quickly turns into that of the dark, damp, catacombs. All of these examples make the story sound too ironic in a sense, therefore, its credibility is tight to trust. This, along with other ironic events such as the Montresor family crest meaning, No one insults me with impunity(220), and Fortunato drinking a wine named De Grave (grave), proves this storys undependable plot. It can be clearly seen that the narrator provides a recollection of events that are obviously unreliable.The fact that no reason for cause is shown by the narrator, as well as the likelihood of the character playing the narrator being unquestionably insane, proves that the story is unreliable. These factors, in addition to the confusion resulting of endless irony would make any logical reader question the validity of the narrators accounts. A story such as The Cask of Amontillado shows readers that narratives require some sense of background information and that the character narrating should be viewed as logical, in order to be considered reliable.Also, the plot must not be twisted by some sort of other element, such as irony, which was seen in this story. A combination of such factors will allow readers to depict the narrators accounts as an accurate portrayal. References Baraban, Elena. The Motive for Murder in The Cask of Amontillado. Rocky Mountain survey of Language and Literature. 58. 2. (2004) 47-62. Print. Poe, Edger Allan. The Cask of Amontillado. Portable Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing, Eighth Edition. Ed. Michael Rosenberg. Boston Wadsworth, 2012. 218-223. Print.

External environment for banking industry Essay

Standard Chartered is the worlds leading emerging grocerys bank headquartered in London. Standard Chartered employs 30,000 people in over 500 locations in more than 50 countries in the Asia Pacific Region, S egressh Asia, the Middle East, Africa, the United Kingdom and the Americas. It is one of the worlds close international banks, with a management team comprising 70 nationalities. Standard Chartered has been committed to Hong Kong and China for nearly 150 years. Standard Chartered margin clear its first branch in China in 1858 and is the oldest foreign bank in the country. The jargon has operated in Hong Kong since 1859 and has been issuing Hong Kong banknotes since 1862. Standard Chartered PLC listed on the pipeline Exchange of Hong Kong in 2002.The bank is listed on both the London Stock Exchange and the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong and is in the top 25 FTSE-100 companies, by market capitalization. It serves both Consumer and Wholesale Banking customers. Consumer Banking pr ovides credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, deposit taking and wealth management services to individuals and small to medium sized enterprises. Wholesale Banking provides corporate and institutional clients with services in trade finance, cash management, lending, custody, foreign exchange, debt capital markets and corporate finance.Standard Chartered is healthy-established in growth markets and aims to be the right partner for its customers. The Bank combines deep local know guidege with global capability. The Bank is trusted across its ne cardinalrk for its standard of governance and its commitment to making a difference in the communities in which it operates.The new millennium has brought with it two of the largest acquisitions in the history of the bank with the purchase of Grindlays Bank from the ANZ Group and the acquisition of the Chase Consumer Banking operations in Hong Kong in 2000. These acquisitions demonstrate Standard Chartered firm committed to the emerging mark ets, where it has a strong and established presence and where it foresees future growth. With the acquisition of ANZ Banking Group, StanChart became the largest foreign bank in terms of branch network and profitability in India. The merged entity has a combined network of 61branches and 74 ATMs across 15 cities of the country.Understanding the global, political, scientific and socio-cultural segments of its environment is obviously critical to Stancharts success. It has acquired companies in order to consolidate its global operations operates in 50 countries seeks to display environmental and social responsibility and deals with communications technology. It strives to take advantage of opportunities in the dynamic environment, the need to deal innovatively with new acquisitions, the problem of reframing the publics view of banking and ongoing cut throat competition from opposite mercenary banks and non banking entities. The bank therefore has to brace clear the communication c hallenge and make clear the global nature of its operations to the wider community, governments and the universe at large.Research evidence suggests that external environment affects a firms growth and profitability over time. Changes in political, regulatory features, the strength of varied nations economies at different times, and the emergence of new technologies are a few examples of conditions in the external environment that are affecting banks like StanChart and several other firms doneout the world whether in manufacturing or services sector. The companies in attractive environments perform better than the companies that are in less attractive environments. Therefore schema development is about fit i.e. identifying opportunities in the environment and building strategy matching resource capabilities to those opportunities.The resources and competences of organizations also play an key role as they develop the differences between organizations, potential uniqueness and t herefore superior performance. The stretch view argues that strategies should be built on the unique competences and resources of an organization by seeking out markets in which competences acquire special value or by trying to create new markets on the basis of such competencesAnother consideration is the stakeholders of company. Organizations have different stakeholders (shareholders, customers, employees, government) who have expectations of the organizations and may exercise considerable influence and power over the strategy to be followedAs said earlier, the external environment plays an important role for banks. Most of the external factors are beyond the control of a bank. The factors such as competition political, economical, legal, government rules and regulations influence the firms pick of direction and action and also affect the internal environment of a bank. The external environment influences a companys strategic options as well as the decisions made in light of the m. The firms understanding of the external environment is matched with knowledge about its internal environment. Matching the conditions of the two environments is the bottom the firm needs to form its strategic intent, to develop its strategic mission, and to take strategic actions in the pursuit of strategic free-enterprise(a)ness and above-average returns.The external environment encapsulates umpteen different influences which makes the labours of CEOs more difficult. Identifying the different environmental influences though makes sense, is not very much useful as the overall picture of these influences does not emerge. The second bar is that of the speed of change. The involve of expert changes on businesses is much faster than ever before. Technology has transformed the way in which the banking business is carried out. In addition the competitive pressures are also driving more banks to diversify their product range in response to market demands.We can broadly categoriz e this environment into two types remote environment and ope judge environment.Remote environment This environment consists of a set of forces that originate beyond a firms operating environment. This comprises of political, economic, social, technological and industrial forces which create opportunities, threats and constraints to the firm. For example macroeconomic instability in an economy characterized by chronic inflation, fiscal imbalances and periodic balance-of-payments crises also affect all the banks. direct environment The operating environment involves the factors that provide many of the challenges a bank is facing when attempting to attractor acquire essential resources or when striving to fruitfully market its goods and services in the immediate competitive position, customer profile, reputation among suppliers and creditors and retrieveible labor market. The operating environment is also called the competitive or task environment. Hence by considering conditions in the operating environment business can be much more proactively planned. An organizations external environment is shown in the figure below. The figure depicts the firms business area, remote environment and the operating environment cutting into an area of total external environmental impact on the firm. In the banking industry if the Reserve Bank increases the reserve requirements for the commercial banks it would affect all the banking companies in the economy. This is an operational risk.Over the past two decades, commercial banks across the globe have aggressively repositioned themselves to compete under new economic, technological, and regulatory conditions. These institutions are no longer protected by regulatory insertion barriers, and are confronted with a marked transformation in telecommunications and computer technology. Banks can no longer rely on traditional banking models and therefore have invested huge amounts of resources in the search for new competitive strate gies. While many of these attempts had fruitless results, the most successful strategic innovations have set a new look-alike in banking and have changed the way banks compete. The manner in which commercial banks currently underwrite their loans, finance their activities, grow their franchises, distribute their services and market their images can exactly be compared to ones that bankers adopted in 1970s.Coming to the regulatory environment, banks still do not compete in a completely unregulated environment. Regulations continue to make out banking strategies for example, in US, the federally insured deposits are the basis of community bank business strategy. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) loans are a mandatory for all banks (in India, precedence sector credit is mandatory for all commercial banks, this would be dealt in detail in subsequent pages). Investment decisions of every bank are influenced by capital regulations. The system of multiple regulators can affect the c hoiceof organizational form of banking companies. While most banks are regulated by the RBI (Reserve Bank of India), some are under dual control of government and RBI. In India, all banks are subject to RBIs regulation but the modelling is not uniform in the sense that public sector banks, cooperative banks, and private banks are governed by significant differences and not all of them have access to the payments system.The Department of Company Affairs (DCA) regulates the deposit taking activities of non-banking non- financial companies and also some activities of Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs). SEBI regulates the capital markets and supervises stock exchanges, mutual funds, securities dealers and brokers, merchant bankers, credit rating agencies and venture capital funds. Companies in the insurance sector are regulated by IRDA. Banks are permitted to be involved in insurance activity through joint ventures/equity participation/selling agency type arrangements. Thus, the o bject of regulation itself is susceptible to some overlap.Several scandals in banks have led regulators to make increased informational demands on banks. As banking markets grow more concentrated, anti-trust laws may increasingly limit the scale and scope of bank mergers. At a minimum, regulation is patently a fixed cost that must be borne by banks, which does not influence a banks behavior. At the other extreme, and perhaps in a more realistic situation, regulation can significantly affect banks strategic choices and influence competition in financial markets. Innovations introduced in the markets are very much driven by, and in some cases succeed exclusively because of the prevailing regulatory environment.Similarly, commercial banks competitive strategies are shaped by both new technologies, and the limitations of technology. retail banking had traditionally been built around the paper-based payments, but IT has created new strategic possibilities for it. Electronic delivery of banking services can reduce a banks belt costs to a great extent. However abandoning bank branches can also give rise to disastrous strategic costs. New technologies have a led to a great transformation in the risk management practices of commercial banks, but application of such techniques may also create some out of the blue(predicate) new risks. After generations of technological stasisin the banking industry, the ongoing rapid pace of technological change has made strategic innovation a viable competitive strategy for banks.

Effective and Organizational Communication Essay

The course Effective and organizational Communication has truly been rewarding because nearly of the things I have learned from my class are actually lifespan skills that find real value in the outside serviceman. While Effective and Organizational Communication is intended for the corporate setting, these skills are not actually specific to certain industries rather they are universally functional in whatever sphere of endeavor ace may wish to pursue. This paper intends to look at three major areas of learning that were tackled in the course and discuss their proper applications.The prototypal area is Public Speaking. There are m some(prenominal) free resources on public speaking on the Internet. Indeed, having the aptitude for public speaking is a special kind of power because you are in a position to convince people to make certain decisions and choices. What you evidence is as important as how you say it. In fact, the delivery is what separates a good public speaker from one who is simply good with words. In a nutshell, public speaking is all close to presentation.From the websites that I have checked out, I have realised how important it is to be able to address an audience and hold their duration for the entire term that you are speaking. And this does not only take place during musket ball occasions we all perform public speaking in school and in work. Among the roughly useful tip I have read is to let your audience be active participants in your speech. As much as possible, prepare a speech that allows for audience to demonstrate certain points of the topic.For instance, if you are talking about the power of knowledge, have someone from the audience describe the route he or she takes from home to a certain place. From there, you can segue to making a point about how one can be very comfortable discussing something that one is very familiar with, even in front of an audience of strangers. This particular talk or presentation is made all the more strong because you launch your point through random audience participation. QAR or question and answer underscores the importance of the relationship of answers to questions.In communication, it is important that your answers do not digress that they are tightly focused and directly answer the question. Similarly, if you are the one asking the question, your statement should also be succinct and direct to the point. This is important so that any miscommunication or misunderstanding can be prevented, and the issues resolved in the soonest possible time. In education, teachers must be able to design questions that can opera hat elicit the desired response, or the target skill.If the questions are ambiguous, the students will have a difficult time structuring their answers. From the readings that I have made, I have realized that questions serve as the frame by which answers attach themselves, and as such the ability to design effective questions is the key to an effective QAR . There are some(prenominal) types of QAR, and their use depends on what skills you postulate to assess. As I have previously mentioned, QAR is especially important for teachers as they attempt to assess different types of cognitive levels and operations.For example, if you indispensability to test the ability of the students to analyze, then ask for information that goes beyond what is available in the text or material. In analysis, the presumption is that the fundamental concepts of the lesson are well-understood and consequently be able to make generalizations or apply the concepts in other situations (Steele, 1997). In QAR, the most important issue is to determine the type of response you want to elicit in order to test the target skill. Another topic in Effective and Organizational Communication is Email Etiquette.Indeed as the world becomes more and more connected, the email is becoming the preferred mode of communication for business and personal correspondences. While th e email is generally considered as less formal than a standard garner, that is slowly changing. In fact, there is an entire set of rules governing email, outlining how to use this culture medium in a formal and efficient way. consort to the online writing lab of Purdue University, email etiquette refers to the set of guidelines that experts believe should govern the exchange of communication via electronic mail or email for short.These experts believe that the electronic medium is not an excuse to forget our manners and proper usage. (Hughes, 2002) To be safe, just write your email as you would an ordinary letter, only be more succinct. As a general rule of thumb, emails must be concise and up to the point. This is due to the fact that people read the computer differently than they would a habitue book or text. Of course, the email you will be making depends on the intention of your letter. For personal letters, you are given more freedom, but for business emails, it is check t o maintain a formal tone.In any case, letter should always be treated as a reflection of the writer, regardless whether it is an ordinary letter or an email. How you want to present yourself and how you want to be perceived depends on how you organize your thoughts and write them down. All of these three concepts are part and parcel of an effective organizational communication. But beyond organizational communication, all the three lessons that I have learned can be used in all aspects of my life because communication is an activity that all of us pursue on a daily basis.

Changing the Culture at British Airways

Changing the Culture at British Air bureaus 1. Problems you set from the case Macro The first problem changing the culture at British Airways was the merger of the BOAC and BEA. In 1971, the Civil Aviation Act became law and the board was to control policy over British Airways to a greater extentover both BOAC and BEA remained autonomous, each with its own chairman, board, and chief executive. This caused a split within British Airways by means ofout the mid-seventies and in the mid-1980. The second problem BA faced was the threat of privatization. In 1984 the government passed legislation that make BA a public limited company.The third was productivity was bad compared to other leading inappropriate airlines. The fourth was poor service. Poor node service to the employees and customers led to reduced passenger numbers and exalted fuel approachs. This created a reduction in profit (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, pp. 25-29). Micro The first problem BA had that is non obvious was the transport in the organization and culture. There need to be a more than shoot transport. New culture fosters a strong commitment to service. Also, the lack of unity and loyalty caused the airline to non be focused. There was a lack of recognition.This caused a lack of unifying corporate culture. Also, training inescapably for finaglers were needed. Organizations need to change to adapt to the changes inside and outside the organizations (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, pp. 28-35) 2. Causes BA will have these problems because they merge dickens companies with truly different style of management, government regulations. They lost millions because of the mindset the management had which questioned why the need for change if were making a profit. The lost was bang-up also because people were operating effectively and not efficiently.They believe that if youre providing service at no cost to taxpayers then youre doing well and the cost of paying a high price for advance technologies. The re was not enough management eon devoted to managing the changing purlieu because it was whole focused inwardly on resolving industrial dealings problems, on resolving organizational conflicts. Both companies had done its share of pioneering. BA needs to be shake up to have shared desires. This resulted in a financial crises and downsizing of employees (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 35). 3.Organizational Systems Affected Structural The Leadership indicated that BEA was pertain with building an airline infrastructure than it did in profit. This was reflection a de-centralized leadership style and BOAC was concerned with the coal-black airliner which was focusing on the task. The merger caused BA to be very controlled with a lot of rules and regulations. Privatization by the British government made BA a public limited company. (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, pp. 26, 34). Psychosocial Employees expressed their pleasure on creation treated with respect.When the merger took place, both BEA and BOAC will have to be loyal to each other and unite. A greater challenge is to change the mindset of employees at all levels. The mindset is a shared way of thinking and behavior within in an organization. They are reflected in accepted behaviors and attitudes. The mindset becomes very flop in gaining unity and focus within the organization. It provides a common focus and increases the intensity of the work being done (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 39). Technical BA will have to cut cost and drive customer service.The expert innovation plays and important role. If everyone works together there would be a more cohesive environment and the ability to manage change. When other airlines were not considered and competition was not a factor, BA was successful economically but there were no satisfaction with customer service (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 26). BA need to encourage workshops was great within the organization, having done this customer assessment of the competitors allowed the emp loyees from thinking more about the internal company policies and practices and more time interacting with the customers.Customer may become involved in product design. The more interaction between the customer and employees, the more a customer views is reflected on the organization (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, pp. 40-41). Managerial BA Managers would have to be very proactive and have a need for change. They made Lord King the Chairman in 1981 and he recognized that a major cooperate change was needed. The leaders at BA must manage through principles. A change was needed in the culture. The leader must articulate and communicate the principles to be successful (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 9). Goals and Values The BA would have to have contribute to its customers, investors encourage a shared mountain and values, enable employees to act by encouraging greater cutomer and cost consciousness, adaptability initiative, accountability, and teamwork. To accomplish these goals, managers will have to exercise the way (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 50). 4. Alternative Solutions One alternative solution to changing the culture at BA is to not resist the change and take an untraditional approach.The greatest effort would be overcoming the mindset of employees at all levels of an organization. Another alternative is managers dont have to micro-manage. It creates a negative environment. BA focus was earlier on cutting cost and driving customer service. This is a difficult challenge. BA would have been more successful if they would have put the people before the task (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 39). 5. Recommendations and Implementation Plans BA needs to change to adapt to the changing internal and external environment through a restructuring of their organization.They should start out there merger with a vision statement and uniting as one complete team. They need to social movement with the times, out with the old and in with the new. With the globalizations and technology, organiza tions have moved from mechanical to a gradual approach. The mindset of the employees at all levels of the organization need to be changed. BA also needs to analyze their organization through the eyes of the customer perspective. The more interaction between customers and employees the more a customer perspective is instilled within the organization.There need to be work-groups such as self-manage work teams. BA needs to be reflexive and get from their past (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 42). Training needs to be implemented. There must me a willingness to change for all employees and managers. BA will have the ability to become re-energized and meet the needs of the customers through innovation and being resourceful (Jick & Peiperl, 2011, p. 50). References Jick, T. D. , & Peiperl, M. A. (2011). Managing Change Cases and Concepts, Third Edition . New york McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc..

The Four Ps of Creativity

An Analyse of a Signifi plundert notional and Innovative Thinker in Terms of the Four Ps A judgment labelled as the Four Ps has been used to help understand the influential factors around fictive macrocosms and how these factors trance their final creative products. According to Mel Rhodes in his book An Analysis of Creativity (1961) these Four Ps person, place, process and product atomic number 18 the underlying factors of creativity itself. By understanding how the 4 Ps cast we ar able to venturing into the bearing of a creative thinker and conduct and analysis of there creativity.In this case we will look at a German media artificer, gobbler Tykwer who has constructed a variety of anomalous drives due to his high train of creativity. This creativity has been shaped by the Four Ps or in other words, his individual characteristics, the environment he is surrounded by and the particular processes he under took in parliamentary law to create his achievements. In this a nalysis we will begin with the jump P, Person. The personalised attri providedes of some genius influences ideas and how these ideas are produced into being. Determination, imagination and curiosity are all personal attributes found in a creative artist (Sternberg 1988).Born in 1965 (The Auteurs 2010), Tom Tykwer always had a vigorous passion for filmmaking, making his scratch films at the age of eleven. His friends where unfortunately vaguely interested in his products (Haase cc7) yet this did non stop him from creating. After tall School Tykwer failed to receive a place in almost all of the film schools in europium (Haase 2007) though his determination to make films did not allow this fall back to prevent him from achieve his ambitions. Tykwer however created his birth film studio apartment in which he could create at his own accord.The act reflects Tykwers ability to think of alternative situations which is a highly regarded creative personality trait (Sternberg 1988). W hen Tykwer was a electric razor the first film he viewed was Peter Pan (Haase 2007). The possibility of a parallel world potty Tykwer as fascinating and became his first inspiration in film making. Peter Pan sparked an imaginative ginmill in Tykwer which entranced him for almost 30 years. His imagination is what defines his earlier films, such as Lola Rennt and True, two movies which expand the realms of reality through innovative techniques and unique narrative structure.In regards to curiosity every single one of Tykwers movies, short and long, reflect a high level of experimentation and risks to stage his own personal feelings and willingness to manipu new media to create magnificent effects. Another key feature about Tykwer is that he calls upon varies types of film genres. He claimed, I like everything that speaks to me loudly, and that gives me a vision. I dont care about the genre (Tom Tykwer 2010a). This is reflected in all his productions as he uses a mixture of crime and thrill (_Perfume_) romance (_Truth__)_ and action (_The International) _ to portray his ideas.His desire to not stick to just one style of film demonstrates a whacking tot up of curiosity and desire to experiment with ideas and cinematic styles. Tykwer demonstrated a high level of curiosity for film at an early age, something along with imagination and determination is an essential aspect to creativity. The second P, place, also has a profound impact on creativity. Place includes the environment which a person is surrounded by and the influence this has upon someones creative ability. The German director was brought up surrounded by a newfangled and artistic culture.The fall of the Berlin wall in 1990 was a significant ethnic movement in Germany (The protector 2010), further enhancing modernisation, innovation and artistic products which expressed revolution and a movement to new approaches to life. Berlin was fuming with a large variety of artistic expression inspired by t he strong political change. Movement such as feminism became popular, something which is reflected in Tykwers film with the constant use of a female main character. For example, fiendishly Maria 1993, Winter Sleeper 1997 and Run Lola Run 1999.Working as a projectionist at a Berlin Art Cinema Movement, allowed him to be continually exposed to a variety of artistic films (Tykwer 2010a). Here Tykwer met the first person that was too help him develop his film career, an independent film maker in the late eighties called Rosa von Praunheim (Cowie 2010a). This man strongly influenced Tykwers approach to film making and Tykwers first film displayed many of the stylistic and thematic trademarks that his other movies now contain. It was after this that Tykwer created his own film company, X Filme (Tykwer 2010b) and was able to keep his own artistic licence.Many directors who allow funding from more mainstream production companies work to lose artistic licence. Artistic licence is simply th e amount of say the director has within the installation of their film. Tykwer felt strongly about keeping his films very personal giving him the label of an Auteur (Clarke 2006). The belief that directors should deport complete artistic control is what separates him from other directors/filmmakers. Tykwer created what he wanted too, not what others did. This promoted his creativity immensely as his imagination is able to run wild.Environment is known to change throughout someones life constantly. A brief overview of artist Brice Marden in imaging First Unlocking the Power of Possibility by authors Eric Liu and Scott Noppe-Brandon (2009) reflects the splendour of how specific surroundings affect creativity. Marden was a minimalist painter (Liu and Noppe-Brandon 2009) with a very distinctive technique. This technique was modified greatly when the artist decided to travel through Asia. He picked up specific cultural techniques which he saw to be fascinating and from then on allowe d them to define his works of art.In notification to Tom Tykwer, Germany was his first cultural influence upon his productions allowing his products to reflect the strong cultural movement at the time. In the last few years, Tykwer has developed a more American approach to film making, something which can be reflected in his latest movie The International as he is surrounded by a strong American influence. Tykwer has removed himself from his independent film company, X-Filme, and has allowed more commercial industries to take hold of him.The International and _Perfume A Story of a Murderer _separated themselves from Tykwers other films as their narratives are linear and contain a more acceptable style of cinematic photograph and realism. This shows that the director has lost a part of his own artistic licence as he has teamed up with Commercial film producers ( net profit Date Base 2010a Internet Data Base 2010b). Here we can see how the surrounding environment of someone can both excel or hinder creative ability. The third P, Process is the particular actions taken in order for a creative product to come to life.In media this has a very practical sense and is to do with the measures taken to overcome obstacles that restrict a creative thought coming to life. Process consists mostly of the production and post-production phases of media, such as filming and editing. Independent films, due to their lack of popularity are given less money compared to mass-produced films. For example, the limited compute of Run Lola Run influenced its editing, the way in which it was filmed and how it was filmed. Tykwer received a budget of only $2 million (Cowie 2010b).In comparison the Blockbuster The Dark Knight had an estimated budget of $185 million (Whitaker 2010). Special effects such as CGI are used in the Blockbuster in large quantities as well as High Definition film and hundreds of extras. In Lola the case was diverse and alternative techniques where required in orde r to overcome the budget restrictions. The lack of money permitted Tykwer to only 200 extras. This created difficulties particularly during the first two minutes of the movie. The title _Lola Rennt _is spelt out by extras, each letter being filmed separately then contrasted together in post-production. ) In Matthew Mays In Pursuit of Elegance (May 2009) he talks about the innovative creation of Ronnie Stuiver , who designed a irrigate pump with a merry-go-round which is powered by play (May 2009, 173) in order to entertain the children of atomic number 16 Africa as they watch their mothers retain water from the water hole. May uses Stuiver as an example to explain that we can overcome specific obstacles in our surroundings if we can observe and are determined (May 2009, 174). Like Tykwer, Stuiver expands his ideas and overcomes restrictions (May 2009, 174).In South Africa, villagers would have to wait for the wind in order for their pumps to work, Stuiver created an alternative wh ich not only overcame the problem, but also entertained. This ability to overcome specific obstacles yet still up hold a level of entertainment for an audience is essential in movie making. Tykwer over looks his budget and manages to create exceptional alternatives in order for his productions to come to life, reflecting his amazing creativity. As stated in Cropleys Fostering Creativity, Creativity involves authoritative and purposeful thinking not blind generation of novelty. (Cropely 2009, 68) Finally the fourth P, product. Product involves the final egress and result of each creative production (Scritchfield 1999). There are three main characteristics in regards to product, these being novelty, resolution and synthesis (Besemer and OQuin 1987). Novelty being the uniqueness of the product, resolution includes the products response to the altercate it was created for and synthesis includes whether the product is used for something other than what it was created for (Scritchfield 1999).In regards to novelty (Scritchfield 1999), all of Tykwers productions have been make with innovative techniques and styles to reflect both person and place. His films have captured audience around the world due to their originality. When if comes to resolution, Tykwers films where created to express his own ideas and thoughts about the surrounding world. The ability to work in his own film studio for the majority of his films has permitted this task to be very successful. Lastly, synthesis applies strongly to all of Tykwers products.Each has an added appreciate of entertainment and an ability to promote curiosity due to their avant-garde feel. The Four Ps are closely intertwined, each influencing each other incredibly, operating simultaneously. Person, place and process all determine the exit of a creative product in any area of expertise. In regards to media art, as demonstrated by Tom Tykwers analysis, it is the personality of a director, their environment and processes wh ich influence their techniques and ideas reflected within their production. In conclusion, creativity is not something that is simply just there.It is influenced by a series of surrounding factors which determine why, what and how something is created. The Four Ps are an excellent way to determine what creativity is and how it is developed. REFERENCE LIST Besemer S. P and OQuin, K. 1987. germinal product analysis Testing a model by developing a judging instrument. In Frontiers of Creativity research Beyond the basic_s, ed. _S. G. Isaksen. 341-379. Buffalo Bearly Limited. Clarke, David. 2006. Tom Tykwer as an Auteur. Gfl_ Journal. _3 7. http//www. gfl-journal. de/3-2006/clarke. df (accessed 14/5/10) Cowie, Peter. 2010a. 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