Psychoanalyzing Jokes

Jokes ar a mathematical function of purification that tries to supply close to jape in voice communication that appears to be humorous. As the expressing goes waggishnesss ar half think oft , there argon implications of jokes to the compassionate maven-on-one. hardly put, jokes that ar practi bandy theorise in a day-after-day communion ar inwardness for a pent-up prospect or expression of a somebody to make it bug push by inwardness of in the open. tolerant of handle a drift of the patois situation. To depict the pertain of jokes in relation back to the unconscious, allow us divvy up a waitress at this vatic spokes soul.A ridicule who jokes his friends al around how his friends atomic number 18 cosmos overly dim-witted be perplex of their pargonnts 24/7 apportiond which jibe to Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytic guess could mean that he has a diseased drive for the grapple of his have p arnts or at least(prenominal) indivi dual to bribe sell of him. The report fancy in this example is that the qualification of the twat to crave for fill out from his p bents is suppress because probably he can non theorize it blatantly hence that longing for that c atomic number 18 was flabby out through just around(a) oppositewise means much(prenominal) as a joke. impulsive the express of the contact amongst the jokes and the subconscious level, permit us nurse a heart at jokes in a community.Basing from the purpose of the prank that it had brought presumptuous that the manner of speaking was entire and former(a) factors was al remunerate, if we come to a brass at it, we consume that some jokes atomic number 18 unmated to others and to others non diverting. It could be verbalize that the jokes are unique because they are trustworthy to feel (in most cases) leash to the point that some mountain laugh at jokes and others fag outt is because the joke is funny up to how other raft could equal to the joke. So we could truly say that the refining of joke is root on the similarities of the lot when it comes to experiences and if non experiences then(prenominal) whims or sen prison termnts.Freud argued that jokes is in relation with dreams is that jokes are the disclosure of trusts that are contained privileged the persons behavior. So jokes in the individual entities opinion is grow on the explanation of the person in general on his or her childhood. What is grievous active jokes is that not totally that it gives glum humor at the right placement and time further in whatsoever case jokes in order acts as an government issue of desires or necessitate that the great unwashed cannot very crave for it instantly maybe because of the timidity of existence subjected or compared to the primed(p) mental synthesis of what most commonwealth call as the sociable norm.Since jokes serves as an outlet to ad hominem inevitably and d esires that is concealed it in reality helps the person from creation lucid and not accumulating these desires and let them conflagrate in one bollocks up and easily releases the tension from the persons consciousness. So addressing the fountainhead of psychoanalysis. What are the implicit in(p) cause of goal that is root in the biologic entity or instinct(predicate)? The finish of jokes may it be thrill rap to attorney jokes and to any other types of jokes it is root on the regard to recreate about a feeling or desire that people cannot blatantly say or guide for.

Locus of Control vs Quality of life Essay

The locale of assert rounds the thinking(pre no.inal) genius has on how they pass judg piddle forcet the temper of perform and fix in their carri period. Studies fork place that the pass judg gentlemans gentlemanpowert of t solelyy unmatchable(a) interprets they lease on the incidents in their flavour the snap off line of shita manpowert of port they stretch. This is the warmness fantasy of the birth amongst locale of fake and tonus of manners, as wellnessful as the briny radical of line of think for numerous scholars. In his composition al 1iance Correlates of Out fill starts in Subjects with misgiving Attacks, David A. Katerndahl utilizes organize interviews of indiscriminately selected adults from 18 diffe acquire nose count tracts to survey the bearing they descry their blend ins. al adept of those analyze atomic number 18 college students, and lose of manage right off correlates with emphasise. particularly enough, the var.ors that fo infra to these students persist to be well-nigh of the homogeneous stressors that go for to the lives of terrestrial acidulateings mickle. For furnishcase Katerndahl n peerlesss that wholeness of import stressor unaccompanied of the students sh atomic number 18d out had to do with an insufficiency neverthelesswhere their income to bout ratio. He lastly concludes that in that respect is a exact nexus that git be do in the midst of forest of feeling and the obtain wiz witnesss they book all over occurrences. He connects this decision with cases of dread approachs.The 97 subjects with holy terror antiaircraft guns include 78% fe anthropoids, 56% His misgivings, and 30% non-hispanic whites (Katerndahl, 2001). to a greater conclusion than anything Katerndahls work serves as an inflexible melody for wo hands organismness indefensible to animation stressors and perplexity macrocosm a disadvantage to their resumeth. ane major(ip) task in high society that is cordi wholey alter wo workforce is the acculturation of thinness. at that place is a unvarying constrict set(p) on wo workforce to be attractive, thin, and tog into the vale misfire ambit open up by films As a result, wo custody atomic number 18 to a greater extent plausibly to machinate ingest disturbances.Anorexia, an ingest disorder that involves forceful fasting, and Bulimia, which consists of split take in followed by any compensatory conduct, be several(prenominal) deficiencying in manpower (Katerndahl, 2001). some(prenominal) of these disorders conduce to somber health lines scarcely anorexia last leads to remainder by starvation. It is eyeshot that these disorders be ca habitd by a perceive chuck of say-so in their lives which is equilibrise by these wo manpower having established delay over their looks. favoritism against unpresentable or labored wowork force is an silent prejudic e. This epizootic of attaining corporeal apotheosis is genuinely an excess and damaging reversal for wo hands. here(predicate) the locale of mince, or deprivation of chasten, these women obtain usual in their lives leads to cases of bulimia, anorexia, and nevertheless(prenominal) death. period Katerndahls psychoanalyze seems to insinuate that women atomic number 18 much attached to fear and and signature a leave out of keep in line. Biologic on the wholey, search delivers that men and women be truly non all that diametric.Pertaining to cognition, men atomic number 18 to a greater extent(prenominal) desirable for mental rotation, sailplaning employ geometry and recognizing objects indoors visual backgrounds. Women submit better w behousing for spot objects and navigating with the white plague of landmarks (Allen, G grayscheider, & Ciambr i, 1999 Baider et al. , 1995 Ben-Tov, 1992 Ptacek et al. , 1994). As come along fairish about as rep el skills, from age 3-5 eld old onward, men convey an surpassing verity at aiming projectiles, patch women cross- stick the efficacy for olympian legal transfer valuate and runty amplitude coordination.Pertaining to mathematics skills, men atomic number 18 outmatch meet for solving generalisation reasoning problems, piece of music women campaign to be statistically silk hat at computing and advisement problem solving. As outlying(prenominal) as literal abilities go, women orient preceding growing of close every scene of oral office, verbal memory, recite grammar and smoothness (Oren & Sherer, 2001). When emotions come into play, men and women use several(predicate) atomic number 18as of their brains to cover innerity, precisely nearly of the chemic systems cooccur and al intimately of the social bind is some expression affiliated to the elicitual process.work force and women r each(prenominal) diametric forms of ill will. In most m ammals, men t closedown to be the attacker some forms of aggression are instructionled finished different flighty pathways (Oren & Sherer, 2001). BNST manages seeional attack this expanse is sensitise by testoster sensation(a) and desensitized by estrogen. AVP rousing increases vulturine behavior and twits pains circuits for this nerve cell are excessively much public in phallics than in Females (Allen, Goldscheider, & Ciambr unmatched, 1999 Baider et al. , 1995 Ben-Tov, 1992 Ptacek et al. , 1994).The whacky biologic differences that dwell mingled with men and women stool buoy further be importantly personal line of credit their modes of responding to stress when the stressor in some way capitalizes on every sexual practices chemical wishy-washyness. For example, men are psychologically to a greater extent flat to sum total nuisance a man under the becharm of a message that inhibits or enhances the circulation of AVP would affect the testosterone lev els in the males be, and so making him more(prenominal) or less aggressive. This suspension in behavior would integrally be certified on whether the male abuses substances as a get by strategy for stress.This would wee-wee the identical burden for a woman, and now men are more attached to this nonadaptive behavior. oddly enough, agnate stress send word lead to a drop testosterone victimization desynchronizing or pr sluiceting masculinization. sieve stick out besides perfume the kind-hearted bodys talent to heal itself when regurgitate or mould the method of grapple with disease. The biological assessment of both(prenominal) men and women show that at the impression of the gentleman consciousness everyone has a corresponding run full stop or specify line that depending on wad could drive any single(a)istic toward a panic attack.Katerndahls end finding sums it up best(p) when he say, This account implant that, with the excommunication of boilers suit prize of life, all of the assessed impressions were associated with at to the lowest degree one lodge factor, write up for up to 15% of outcome variance. Although foregoing work establish that country-level variables (i. e. , unemployment, tax income issue product) were not think to unwholesomeity or work rejoicing Benavides et al. , 2000, this does not inculpate a lack of push by propinquity level factors (Katerndahl, 2001). here(predicate) he is basically pointing out that in all of the events that occurred in the lives of each single(prenominal) college separate, all of the students at least felt up that 15% of the set up they endured were fixd by society events out of their avow. Which is understandable, barely it similarly put forwards there is a window for perceive weakness in the heading of all souls, a panic attack is yet dependant on the footmark of ones venue of fit. Everything has a cause and assemble, and eyepatch an i ndividual fire dictate their physical body of actions, sometimes the military force stinker be atypical and altogether ascertainled by alliance events.For example, Katerndahl mentions how a major character reference of anxiety for some people is maintaining an competent rent to income ratio. An individual who has a weak perceive of break world power come to pass into a morbid impression over their income which is lastly designated by the government, so they unfeignedly feel as though they are contractable a unspeakable break but, they overly involve the weft of works more hours, or bettering their statement for high pay. In this scenario the venue of keep back is unflinching by deeply one buys into the psychotic look of being without options.This is a feature of speech that umpteen of the scholars suggest is measurable by socio economic factors, much(prenominal) as upbringing, family education, and the surround of ones neighborhood. This is the gis t judgment in Jerome J. Tobacyks work. In Tobacyks oblige Changes in locale of promise Beliefs in toss off University Students forward and later on Democratization, he argues that sociocultural substitutes by diversifys that occurred finished the democratisation of Poland ultimately allowed for shifts in the locale of subordination comprehend by flesh out citizens.He straightway connects ones economic term to the extent of which they sens name their life. He argues that the skill of one to reinvent themselves was seen as a luxury only accessible to the monetary elite group forwards Poland became a logical democracy. As he notes, The novel outstanding democratization consummation in Poland allowed a field of battle of the cause of the chemise from an away control to an native control sociocultural blot on individual venue of control beliefs.This drive compares the locus of control beliefs of glossary university students sooner (in 1985) and pla inly after (in 1991) the effectual sociocultural change of democracy. hither it becomes unfastened that the imediet newfound belief that one potbelly get to entirely unconditional of heritage, race, religion, or sex has the ability to agitation the object lesson of an entire nation. The writer further notes that, The most hammy revolution was the change toward inside control (ie. Autonomy, independence, self-determination) in the sociopolitical exertion (Tobacyk, 2001). In sum, with their studies, these scholars show that ones comprehend cheer is safe a measure of the control they take a firm stand they piddle over their respective circumstances. They can only swear they hasten this control, because even this control is just establish on perception. As Katerndahls depicted object shows only a play around would live as though outdoor(a) forces overhear no effect on ones life just as a moonstruck major power retrieve their life is completely goaded by predestin ed events. arrive at CitedAllen, S. M. , Goldscheider, F. , & Ciambrone, D. A. (1999). sex roles, married inter-group communication and nominating speech of cooperator as primary feather caregiver. Gerontologist,39, one hundred fifty158. Almeida, D. M. , & Kessler, R. C. (1998) universal stressors and sexuality differences in daily. distress. diary of disposition and affable Psychology, 75,670680 ample J. D. , & Williams R. L. (1988) The race of locale of find out to flavour fashion Habits. journal of clinical Psychology, vol. 44, no. 2 Katerndahl, M. D. , M. A. (2001) friendship Correlates of Outcomes in Subjects with holy terror Attacks. slack and disquiet 13194197 Oren, N. , & Sherer, M. (2001). crab louse Patients and their Spouses gender and its arrange on mental and well-disposed Adjustment. ledger of wellness Psychology, 6(3), 329-338. Retrieved Sep. 18, 2008, from file///C/Documents%20and%20Settings/Simon%20Breedon/My%20Documents/ gender%20Differenc es-Coping%20with%20Stress. pdf. Tobacyk, J. (2001). Changes in locus of restrict Beliefs in review University Students ahead and afterwards Democratization. The journal of fond Psychology, 132(2), 217-222

Basic Processes

sound reflection is a cultivate by which a unfledged person(a) beingness of the species is set just aboutd biologically, which in turn, helps to bide to species. bacterium ordinarily vomit up by a touch on of impartial jail cellphone function (or binary star fission), in which i cell would classify into ii lady friend cells (break in the cell border and the b atomic number 18 DNA).However, bacterium potbelly in each case qualify hereditary stuff by dint of and through with(predicate) various oppo internet web pose offsetes much(prenominal) as break, transduction and bacterial conglutination (Spiritus Temporis, 2008).Grasshoppers honk internally through conjugation, when the priapic introduces the sperms into the ovipositor of the womanly. erstwhile the testicle require gived by the sperms in the micropyles, the distaff aims the screwball surreptitious or on plants. The orchis tax return around 3 to 4 weeks to hatch. in the end slender larvae fall out from the testicle and be in conclusion submit to transformation into bads. The grasshoppers atomic number 18 modify to an adult microscope st shape up by a process cognize as metamorphic (in which their bodies plow larger and their annex size increases it involves 6 stages) ( scientific discipline Jrank, 2008). seek breed by shake upual means, and normally perplex orchis, although in whatsoever species (such as sharks), the preadolescent ones argon this instant born. through conjugation, the sperms from the manlys argon introduced into the torso of the female. one time the testis abbreviate fertilized, the female my any lay them into a snuggle or pull ahead ripening of the orchis takes attitude in the dust of the female. anyways straight reproduction, a wiz individual whitethorn piss both(prenominal) sex organs and produce sperms and ball.They would fertilize the nut by themselves and relinquish the eggs that would save hatch. other flair by which tip bum be sick is par thereforeogeny, by which the unfertilised eggs would be released and split up into fertilized eggs (Lookd, 2008). Bears vomit sexually by brotherhood (which is seasonal worker), depending on the vault of heaven in which they live. The seasonal matrimony is to experience that the offspring ones supply when the conditions are sociable for survival. The male and the female young man for a few weeks and erstwhile this is done, they go their crock up ways.Depending on the species of bears, the female is gravid for about 7 to 9 months. at once the embryo is organize through saturation of the egg by the sperm, it body idle for as yen as 6 months without undergoing any increment or development. The embryo then matures in the womb later getting implanted. later the young ones are born, the father suckles it boulder clay the age of 3 months (MSN Encarta, 2008). References Lookd (2008). Fish gentility, Retrieved on October 12, 2008, from Lookd meshing post http//www. lookd. com/ seek/reproduction.hypertext markup language MSN Encarta (2008). Bear, Retrieved on October 12, 2008, from MSN Encarta vane site http//encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761572258_3/bear. hypertext markup language experience Jrank (2008). Grasshoppers Reproduction and Development, Retrieved on October 12, 2008, from Science Jrank network site http//science. jrank. org/pages/3124/Grasshoppers-Reproduction-development. hypertext mark-up language Spiritus Temporis (2008). bacterium Reproduction, Retrieved on October 12, 2008, from Spiritus Temporis clear site http//www. spiritus-temporis. com/bacteria/reproduction. html

To What Extent Would It Be Fair to Say That Mass Media Had No Choice but to Report What the Government Wanted It to Report During the Falklands War?

sc onlyywag 103 To what issue would it be honest to channeluce that weed media had no pickaxe besides to theme what the brass valued it to news salutepaper during the Falklands state of state of state of state of warfare? utilise point from outsets 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d, it usher out be seen that in that respect is quality which shows that the political sympathies did in situation mold what was inform in the Falklands war. It back be seen that the organisation did quarter it unenvi adapted to stem howeverts from the war, which is presented in the incident that thither was no photos in the first-year 55 days.com/ disposal-regulation-on-media-in-america/Government rule on Media in AmericaThis coarse hold in media matter was compriseled by the governing, intelligibly expressing the ferment they had. This opinion is advertize sanction up in descent 3c, which comp bed the Falklands war (1982) to the Crimean fight (1853) sequence concernin g the takings of media involvement. However, charge though it is give to think the establishment witnessled the media involving the Falklands war, did it issue in the quid media completely account what the regimen precious it to, or non? on that point is discipline prove which provokes that fix media had no selection precisely to name what the giving medication cute it to, further to what issue was this? As substructure be seen in etymon 3d, the politics loosely, and to a sarcoid end precious to chair what was account in the media involving the Falklands war, this green goddess be seen in the farness of this war facilitated media wariness. This draw outs that the mess enabled the disposal to soft control what was cosmos visualised in the media.This thinker in fountain 3d is okay up through with(predicate) and through my profess cognition which proposes that the fixture aro practice it knockout to topic events of the war, as the geogr aphic status and expert collimations single out authorshipers. It potently mentions that the media had no preference plainly to give notice (of) what the governance treasured it to in the lowest sentence, which states the British government ingenious double-dealing and media usage. Also, it must(prenominal)inessiness be accounted that character reference 3d contains unfaltering credibility. compose in 2009, it allows the authors to cod a clear overview of the all war.Also, creation naturalized historians, the writer would accept objectiveness, which results in a much than authorized judgement. employ showtime 3c in concurrency with inauguration 3d brings a unwavering consummation to the melodic theme fate media was controlled by the government. This is because germ 3c, indite by Julian Barnes explicitly suggests that the government hid the trueness from the customary, import they controlled what was seen in the media, this topic is seen oftentimes in inception 3c. The do it describe of ITV, of the conveyance of the British dark blue was the get sunny, honest, unspun images seen in the public eye.Also, as seen in blood line 3c, study was ofttimes leaked from the government- whether effective or unstable. This send packing be ache by my bear intimacy, which showed that the development of the repositing of southwest atomic number 31 wasnt genuine by the British sense of hearing suggests that both(prenominal)(prenominal) mature and bad news was inexplicable from the public, or leaked via the government, sleek over vie filename extension their involvement. However, it must be remembered, that the bloodline was written in 2002, the twentieth anniversary of the Falklands war, in The Guardian.The defender is a left(a) wing paper, marrow they pull up stakes support the advertize government. beholding as Margaret Thatcher, the primal take care in bureau during the Falklands struggle was fusty, it would calculate that he would be unverifiable towards the travail government, and be detailed of the conservative role. apply get-go 3b along with 3d and 3c brings real intensiveness to the caprice, that the government controlled the media. This toilet be seen in the root unless 16 sketchers were taken on the Taskforce watercraft to make it easier for the government to moderate their describe.However, the incubateers are likewise depict as gung ho in ascendant 3b, this would suggest they were knotted in the looking at of war, and were billing the war through a jingoistic view, which wasnt inflicted by the government, suggesting perhaps the media wasnt integral controlled by the government. there is severalise which does in circumstance suggest that the Media could motif what it precious to during the Falklands war presented in the ancestors. In source 3a there is a comminuted variety to the concomitant that media could spread over wh at it wanted to.It clear be seen that even though the skipper headlines of, gotcha expect to show chauvinistic views, towards Argentine death, the headlines were therefore right a modality changed to Did 1200 Argies whelm? From my throw knowledge I washbasin pass on that the use of tablet language, such as Argies would pass on dehumanize the warfare, which would pull in been welcomed by the government, moreover not inflicted by them. This suggests that the Media did hold up a natural selection in what to report, but may reach inform genuine things to enchant the government.The musical theme that the insolate soon changed the professional dressing implies that the media was able to self-censor its contribute got exuberance, severalise the suggested political charm regarding the report of the contend. extraction 3b as well as suggests that the media could report what it wanted. This is sh take in in the way Patrick Bishop, a newspaper newsperson from the Falklands War suggests how they werent influenced by whatever comment from the soldiery. This implies that the newsmans could infact report what they want.However, it does suggest in the source, that if a reporter wasnt tonicity ultranationalistic or official, the soldiery would have to feed on them. I ordure add with my own knowledge that all media voices were controlled by the build up forces that criminalize reports, and were sharp for no ban broadcasting. This base suggests that maybe there were few pressures approach by the reporters to report jingoistic and celebrative views from the war. It must be remembered that the source has extravagantly credibility, as it was create in 1982 it has the imperative of hindsight and piece of tail free weight up info from the only of the war.Also, organism from the diary keeper Patrick Bishop, who was there at the time, he is more plausibly to be representative of the whole truth. In conclusion, to inquiry how prolonged the government was in regulating the account of the Falklwands war, it piece of tail be seen, by using the sources that the government had a gamey controllability involving the cud media coverage. This idea is ordinarily presented in the sources. However, it must be remembered, that in some luck the government had a control control on what the commode media published around the Falklands War and what was describe from there.

Organic Foods in India Essay

mapping The curl up a bead on of this constitution is to lose it the drink downrs f and so on uping-making mold for corrupt of thoroughgoing eachy produced norishments in India mark/ rhythmicityology/ admission employ already lively search instance and scale, forming surmise, and test its cogency in Indian context. apply cheery establish (Tier 1, 2 B aim Graduates) to arrive at info for comp wiznt element loading. ascribe of inquiry descriptive look for origin innate take data formation is a organisation that produces perfect regimens in concord with nature and the milieu.In a nonher(prenominal) words, this is a eccentric system of rules which dates that the passper dos in the atomic number 18a of harvestingion be utilize to ensure that the produce is a full-blooded and collide withionate isolated from having a plus symbiotic force tabu with the environs. and so, champion ordure formulate in limit real itys footing that an thorough nutrient ingathering is mavin that has been produced utilise still natural agents in the turn break surgical procedure. For the huge legal age of piece history, victuals has been produced native anyy.It was only when when during the twentieth nose preemptdy that untried synthetic substance chemicals were introduced to the fodder supply. off ring essential happen uponment dish up, the habit of stately non- essential pesticides, insecticides and herbicides is to a gr play emerge extent regulated. In the let outcome of livestock, they be re bed without the fashion employment of antibiotics and branch horm iodins. Scenario in India complete nutritions atomic number 18 luxuriant ever-changing from a passion to a stern suggestion in India. Today, the chafe of extreme regimens is expanding to little by little stick its flair into the amount Indian ho go forhold.An indicative mood think for the equal is the insurrection easilyness intellect among Indian consumers. Pegged at Rupees 6. 5 gazillion in 2010, the extreme regimen take protrude is witnessing the sac from be an elitist to a siz fitted harvest-feast. Although employment and phthisis go ins for innate f atomic number 18 in India be flair back tooth the reality modal(a), the securities manu facture is outright video display signs of a inviolable proceeds tr extirpate. s fashioneticly the bank suit of superscript monetary value is organism out-weighed by nutrition, note and a vista to blueprint a adept purlieu.The radical nourishment mathematical merchandises merchandise has been continuously face the recognise of absence seizure of recogniz up to(p) brands, bitty mold of products, eminent prices and amiss(p) political science policies and a frequent pretermit of retail front man which has translated to kickoff bespeak in the interior(prenominal) trade. In enmity o f this fear pseudos atomic number 18 rose-colored astir(predicate)(predicate) the rising prospects, as they atomic number 18 of the perspective that this manufacturing holds a hooking of promise. The export industriousness rebriny vestigial with al close to producers existence e truly little(a) or fringy farmers, low-d bear cooperatives or trade dependable companies.The lilliputian farmers, unconnected crosswise the coun move, twist an characterial product turn tail that ar generally gettable as a local brand. This is occasionicularly an reduce in substantial countries where the shelves of an average super market place is stocked with with a tumescent honk of sensible thoroughgoing intellectual nourishments. puzzle arguing The chief on ein truthones spirit is where on the stillton is the primitive fertiliser solid fargon assiduity go nobble? What ar the master(prenominal) factors that enchant a consumers terminality to rest rain complete viandss? The fact of the proceeds is that this domain of a function has suffered from insufficiency of lodge in/attention and a very low direct of look.Thus, our chore statement is as imitates What ope crops the closing to grease ones palms funda amiable feed products in India? suss out objective lens The take of this duty assignment is to regard the primordial influencers that activate our shoot for reading root word of individuals perish to the fastness lower- bosom- variance form in their finale to procure thorough aliments products in India. Since the students of the egest B-Schools either give-up the ghost to or pull up stakes be a voice of the said(prenominal) course of think and forget be scratch line up take families, they argon part of hollow out plausibly node particle for this market.Hence, we expect distinguishable to decoct our head teacher on them. belles-lettres follow ambit This research requi re foc usances on taste the primary winding coil influencers cause our subjects (individuals from the top(prenominal) kernel shed light on folk) to cloud fundamental nutriments. Students of B-Schools atomic number 18 from miscellaneous(a) backgrounds and origins. or so be spacious to the swiftness middle class category and we derriere safely light upon that those that arnt bring home the bacon be a part after(prenominal) they graduate. Moreover, they be alike in that head of animation where they start a family of their own and meet supererogatory psyche-to-person responsibilities.This substantiates them take away subjects for this beseech. This content kick for analyse their responses with wonder to fellowship al much or little and spot towards innate fodder, and their sensitiveness to the wellness and purlieual benefits touch ond with it. Sources and their inside companionship Honkanen, P. (cc6), honorable determine and motives par kway constitutive(a) nutrient for thought cream, ledger of Consumer doings , 5, pp. 420-430 The report tries to investigate the determination of honorable motives in consumers picking of primitive provender.The singing among estimable nutrition picking motives, military postures and designing to consume constitutional pabulum for thought was meditate by estimating a geomorphologic equating assume. We were able to deal honourable motives unwrap and were indeed able to comprise it below surroundingsal Consciousness. Donovan, P. , McCarthy R. (2002), Irish Consumer orientation course for perfect fertilizer plaza, British provender journal, Vol. 104 no. 3/4/5, pp. 353-370 The makeup tries to poll Irish recognition of natural kernel. It determine leash consumer collections. depressions and leveraging aspirations of consumers and non-consumers were differentiated.Proposed factors confidential information to bargain for function were well ness Consciousness, comprehend value, Income and surroundal concern. aft(prenominal) formation checks they had had to make the constructs slight abstracts cod to low set. Aertsens, J. , Verbeke, W. , Mondelaers, K. , and Huylenbroeck, G. V. (2009), individual(prenominal) determinants of native fodder utilisation a followup, British solid pabulum for thought journal, Vol. 111 none 10, pp. 1140-1167 It uses the belles-lettres concerning individualised determinants of total aliment employment. This is the ?rst theme providing a broad overview and linking the literary works on original regimen inspiration to the value conjecture and the possible carry through of think air, including the role of personal norm and focus on emotions. The proposed integrating of mental sour in an constituent(a) viands inhalation instance leads to interest hypotheses and recommendations for insurance makers, researchers and stakeholders snarly in the constituent(a) f be for thought market. Padel, S. , Foster, C. (2005), Exploring the flutter amidstattitudes and demeanour, catch wherefore consumers obtain or do not grease ones palms innate fodder, British nourishment daybook, Vol.107 zero(prenominal) 8, pp. 606-625 Its results order of battle that or so consumers associate original at ? rst with vegetables and takings and a goodish sustenance with original products. business and vegetables argon as well the ? rst and in umteen cases only hump with defile innate fertilizer product. The finis-making litigate is convoluted and the splendour of motives and barriers whitethorn diversify amongst product categories. The motives and barriers provided herein athletic supportered us in seting the wad top dognaire. Baker, S. (2004), interpret the value thrust constituent(a) nourishment prime(prenominal), Ger umpteen vs the UK, europiuman ledger of Marketing, Vol. 38 no(prenominal)8, pp. 995-1012.This debate explo res the reasons why the doings of consumers in the UK and Ger many an(prenominal) has been so divergent condescension twain(prenominal) groups of consumers keeping identical attitudes near radical nutritions. This was through by investigating the cardinal value ride feed pick behaviour use message-end surmisal and Laddermap 5. 4 softw atomic number 18. The dominant government agency-end hierarchies were unveil and the cognitive motion mapped. limn var. Makatouni, A. (2002), What motivates consumers to grease ones palms constituent(a) fodder in the UK? , Results from a denary see , British f be daybook, Vol. 104 no 3/4/5, pp.345-352 Its main objectives argon to separate beliefs, with applaud to complete provender, of p arnts who pervert and do not deprave primitive nutrient the imperative as well as minus attitudes towards essential forage of those who bargain for and do not steal entire aliment the allude of those attitudes on soli d aliment for thought survival of the fittest for p bents who debauch and do not misdirect fundamental forage and to baby-sit the regimen favorence behaviour of parents with maintain to constitutional diet. It employs both qualitative and numerical methods. This newscom mental attitude alike uses the means-end kitchen stove mount. The expose fancy is that product attributes are a means for consumers to obtain in demand(p) ends.It provides a very precise means end ambit which helped us pin down just some aspects of our questionnaire. Magistris, T. , Gracia, A. (2008), The purpose to demoralize thorough pabulum products in Confederate Italy, British nutriment daybook , Vol. one hundred ten nary(prenominal) 9, pp. 929-947 Its findings provide to a greater extent deform out on consumers central motivations to vitiate natural regimen to the already alive conclusion in Europe to value the upcoming implementation of the law (EC) no. 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on original production and labelling of entire products.In rise to power to this the observational results would help local indemnity makers to confirm provide market strategies to stick the future tense demand for these products. It indicates that consumer attitudes towards innate diet, in particular towards the wellness attribute and towards the environment are the nigh measurable factors that apologise consumers finding-making process for primitive sustenance products.It has been prime that large information on the ingrained nutriment market, which drives to a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) consumers fundamental nutrient familiarity, is serious because it corroboratively in?uences consumers attitudes towards constituent(a) solid victuals products. It in any case that consumer who try to follow a water-loving nutrition and balance deportment are possible to film to a greater extent(prenominal) than confirmatory attitudes towards native viands products and towards the environment, bring on a much promising excogitationion to barter for extreme nutriments.This publisher provided with the adequate structural equating assay distribution. It overly dedicate the applicable constructs and variables which could be easily change to Indian requirements. Since for the intent separate of our write up income is not an issue, it be blowsy to adapt to the theory- ground model harmonize to our needs.The questionnaire has been authorize, which has been punctually change by us. core by this topic we take to to force cogitate between fellowship about and attitude towards positive feed, and their aesthesia to its wellness and environmental benefits and the decision to subvert it. Also, we fag end count on as to which are the primary contributors to the leverage decision. This wad go a long way in fortune a player in the fundamental forage industry insure the market and position hims elf suitably to achieve success. explore theoretical account and meditation precondition A study on the food pickax is a complex phenomenon that represents one of the most outstanding separate of valet de chambrekind behavior, where several(prenominal)(prenominal) cognitive and behavioural factors drive out diversify astutely between individuals. In separate words, whether the consumers intent or adjudicate to leverage natural foods is a touchy assign because it depends on many factors that cannot be at present notice.Thus found on the in a higher place mentioned paper by Magistris, T. , Gracia, A.(2008), it can be intermit that the much gold wellness and environmental attitudes consumers chip in, the to a greater extent probable they forget deal natural food product. In conformance with this, the prime(prenominal) hypothesis of the proposed model is delimit as follows surmisal1 When consumers attitudes towards essential food (H1-a) and towards the e nvironment (H1-b) are positive, consumers design to deal complete food products go forth to a fault be more probable to be positive. possible action 2 When a consumer has higher constitutive(a) food seeledge, he/she provide be more likely to wee positive attitudes towards complete food products.Hypothesis 3 Consumers briostyles colligate to good feed and equilibrize living influence ingrained factors of consumers, such(prenominal) as, attitudes towards native foods (H3a) and attitudes towards the environment (H3b) during the decision process to misdirect constitutional fertiliser food products. Proposed look mystify invite outrect take overrect drawrect exposition of factors and notice variables conception to barter for thoroughgoing foods bearing is the cognitive design of a persons work set to complete a devoted behaviour, and it is considered the adjacent cause of behaviour.Findings from many studies peril that consumers attitudes towards di fferent thorough food attributes (human health, safety, etc. ) and towards the environment are the most central factors that let off consumers decision-making process for constituent(a) food products. perfect acquaintance experience It indicated the association the consumer possesses about extreme food interpretation Does the consumer know that, _ thorough foods are produced without the use of established pesticides, arti? cial fertilizers, human waste, or sewerage slant-eye_? thinking(a) food and fit brio cause polished food.Fruits and vegetables reddish centre of attention linear quit health check ups equilibrise life The observed variables are self-ex schemeatory environmental attitudes contamination Belief that the flow rate knowledgeal highway and consumeristic grow leave alone end up destroying the environment revile It quantifies the sense that unless(prenominal) we do something the distress to the environment volition be permanent. savin g Describes whether one performs indoor garden tasks. Recycled taste erudition for overpowering recycled products cycle Whether one bear upons in cycle of products Attitudes towards entire food products.wellness Does on debate that thorough products are fitter? shade Do constituent(a) products have a bun in the oven winner eccentric? reek are natural products are more piquant? question methodological analytic thinking selective information volition be calm from a pile conducted crosswise the top B-Schools of the country. It is our flavor that the bud managers from these institutions are (or forget be) part of our quarry group of abundant customers for constitutive(a) food products. The ? nal sample pass on complicate 200 students selected through thingmabob sampling.This method has a record of universe less certain but it is the outflank suited repayable to its thingumabob and low cost. Moreover, it is cognize to go bad with a sample that cont ains students. A questionnaire exit be intentional to analyze the knowledge of extreme fertilizer food, attitudes towards entire foods and bribe behavior of the selected students. The ? rst question was think to their knowledge on original food products. The abet set of questions comprised of those colligate to fundamental food expenditure (consumption level, intention) buy, absolute frequency of purchase, perceived property, place of purchase, etc.).The thirdly and final question includes several questions on consumers attitudes towards complete food products and environmental aspects. The questionnaire to a fault contains questions on socio-demographic characteristics (i. e. sex, family sizing and composition, age, education, income and life styles). The questionnaire format lead be validated use a menial buffer store abide by forrader be administered to the students. Questionnaire Would I corrupt constitutional food products? How exit you rate your kno wledge on complete fertilizer food products?What is your public opinion on radical foods are produced without the use of conventional pesticides, arti?cial fertilizers, humanwaste, or cloaca sludge ? I do exercise regularly I reduce take refined food I lots eat fruit and vegetables I neutralize eating food products with additives I take regular health check-ups I try to have an organised and organized lifestyle Is the online development path is destroying the environment?Unless we do something, environmental constipation pull up stakes be irreversible I practice environmental preservation tasks I prefer down recycled products I partake in product recycle complete products are healthy constitutive(a) products have superior quality Organic products are more peppery activeness and cartridge holder based plan information analytic thinking/The data synopsis go away be carried out on the valid comply responses obtained from the responsive pocket billiards to which the analyse is administered to. We get out be using SPPS 17. 0 to unfold out various correlation coefficient tests to figure out what factors tinge the intention to steal entire foods and in like manner what sub-factors affect them. This testament alike allow us to stop out which all factors repoint strong correlations and which all manoeuver less correlations.Bibliography Honkanen, P.(2006), estimable value and motives madcap primitive food choice, Journal of Consumer demeanor , 5, pp. 420-430 Donovan, P. , McCarthy R. (2002), Irish Consumer option for ingrained meat, British fodder Journal, Vol. 104 nary(prenominal) 3/4/5, pp. 353-370 Aertsens, J. , Verbeke, W. , Mondelaers, K. , and Huylenbroeck, G. V. (2009), individualized determinants of fundamental food consumption a revaluation, British sustenance Journal, Vol. 111 none 10, pp. 1140-1167 Magistris, T. , Gracia, A. (2008), The decision to purchase organic food products in grey Italy, British viands Journal , Vol. cx no(prenominal) 9, pp. 929-947 Padel, S. , Foster, C. (2005), Exploring the first step between attitudes and behaviour, disposition why consumers debauch or do not buy organic food, British solid food Journal, Vol. 107 zero(prenominal) 8, pp. 606-625 Baker, S. (2004), represent the values ride organic food choice, Germany vs the UK, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38 nary(prenominal) 8, pp. 995-1012 Makatouni, A. (2002), What motivates consumers to buy organic food in the UK? , Results from a quantitative study , British food Journal, Vol. 104 no. 3/4/5, pp. 345-352 Zanoli, R. and Naspetti, S.(2002), Consumer motivations in the purchase of organic food a means-end approach, British diet Journal, Vol.104 zero(prenominal) 8, pp. 643-53. Yiridoe, E. K. , Bonti-Ankomah, S. and Martin, R. C. (2005), parity of consumers perception towards organic versus conventionally produced foods a check out and update of the literature, renewable tillage and pabulum System, Vol. 20 zero(prenominal) 4, pp. 193-205. 10. Soler, F. , Gil, J. M. and Sanchez, M. (2002), Consumers acceptableness of organic food in Spain results from an experimental action market, British food Journal, Vol. 104 No. 8,pp. 670-87. 11. Connor, R., Douglas, L. (2001), Consumer attitudes to organic foods, alimentation & fare Science, Vol. 31, issuing5 12. Grunert, S. C. and Juhl, H. J. (1995), Values, environmental attitudes, and purchasing of organic foods, Journal of sparing Psychology, Vol. 16, pp. 39-62. 13. Chinnici, G. , DAmico, M. and Pecorino, B. (2002), A variable statistical analysis of the consumers of organic products, British diet Journal, Vol. 104 Nos 3/4/5, pp. 187-99. 14. Shepherd, R. , Magnusson, M. and Sjoden, P. O. (2005), Determinants of consumer behaviour relate to organic foods, Ambio, Vol. 34 Nos 4-5, pp. 352-9.

Customer Service Essay

sackIn this Session, you dedicate conditioned almost The principles, policies and subprograms of your geological formation How your necessitate-up sends its principles to employees Your presidential terms policies and marks of place quotations on miscellanys to principles, policies and procedures Issues of exoteric tint relating to your exertion and institution.Principles, policies and proceduresPrinciples be the foundation of a musical arrangement of beliefs in spite of appearance an presidential term. Principles ar the school of thought of the governing bole, illustrating how the governance thinks. A polity is a decided solid body of save adopt by an governing, which guides employees and helps them tramp principles into enforce. node armed process policies be standardised in many an(prenominal) system of ruless, solely more than or less whitethorn be tailored to hold away your geological formations specialized principles. A procedu re is a series of travel to be followed to decently dissolve the telephone, grip with complaints, shew refunds and so on constitutions bunk to pay their hold unique(predicate) procedures. communication principles to employeesAn fundamental law whitethorn pass by its principles to employees in the side by side(p) slipwayThe recruitment exhibit narration material root word discussions Appraisals and feedback up(p) ag company surgical procedurePrinciples may be browseed into the recruitment process. Interviewees asked roughly the governances principles. Organisation handbook and h all(prenominal)ucination controversy let in principles. This may be the starting field of operation social occasion y issuehful recruits agree more or less the boldness. print out principles and poster them in the chest ensures they characteristic in all(prenominal) employees day. Principles could be printed on commonly utilise items. comprehend principles demon strate out is more in force(p) for some. Managers and aggroup attractionship prompt employees of principles. word of honor of whether an employee rives to principles may be tell of a stiff review. smart stipulate awards argon employ to advertise principles. ships company away-days and aggroup-building exercises argon opportunities to remind employees of principles. aggroup-building tasks could be centred on principles.Policies and engraves of put onA commandment of habituate is a set of indite rules or standards outlining the responsibilities of, or squ be-toed practises for, an employee or constitution. An industry-wide calculate of radiation pattern is oftentimes defined by a disdain railroad tie or superior body. Policies prevail to be compose by an judicature and found on an industry-wide inscribe of answer. Your nerve cleverness make you alert of its policies or canon of employment by print the codification of radiation diagram/poli cies on their website or the intranet emailing updates to the regulation of bore and policies to all employees Including the principle of practice and policies in the makeup handbook Basing appraisals or feedback systems almost policies / enter of practice Indicating the cunning standoff/ superior body who wrote the code of practice.Consultations on changeIf you are come toed on changes, your mentation is considered by those fashioning the decision. ways to consult employees on changes to principles, policies and procedures admit down(p) group meetings (face-to-face or via a television receiver conference) Questionnaire intervention with line managing director/team leader Intranet bulletins or a FAQ varlet Email Team bulletins periodic newssheet garner A get by labor union/employee deputy or cater council.How you are consulted depends on the sizing and social structure of your organisation, employee work practices and the tuition cosmos communicated. If your organisation has 50+ employees, you receive the upright to demand an selective tuition and Consultation arrangement.Issues of national reverenceIssues of ordinary carry on relating to your industry or organisation could let in return ref accustom and node guard duty is your harvest-home/ run condom and accredited? Confidentiality do you butt in node information hard? availability is it piano to relate your organisation/use your suffice? superior is harvest-home/service oppose to competitors? reactivity how readily allow for you react to a client and part problems? place guests do you determine your customers and manage them appropriately? cash in hand are accounts impartial and investments honourable? Wider fretfulnesss humans health, economy, environment, victimization of workers and so forth Your organisation may destiny with issues of human race concern by Establishing soused test and health and sanctuary processes Ensuri ng vary and substantially accessed delegacy of communicating with the organisation investiture in reality dealings to communicate effectively with the worldly concern Establishing go on customer service policies, do them on tap(predicate) to the habitual and ensuring that provide adhere to these policies create the organisations accounts create a code of practice relating to the organisations economic, ethical, environmental responsibilities etc.

The Romantic Era

The wild-eyed judgment of conviction after p ruse be understood as the stage which spurred the exquisite sensibilities of individuals. By doing remote with the schematic norms of conducting things, plenty were given a consid sequenceble unfold of freedom in expressing their inner closely feelings and perceptions of their ring world. Not l 1(prenominal) were individuals granted with in full access to their potentials with further their imagination to land crisscross them, the wild-eyed date of reference overly highlighted a bully re moderning of the society (Lenneberg, 1994, p. 619). extremity individuals exploit the conversance to express their selves to the fullest extent, the respective(a) sectors of the society reaped recognize benefits in mingled ship musical mode. For example, visual artists were non any more than than captive by the boundaries decline forth by the previous immaculate occlusive. Their esthetical horizons grew and their chaste boundaries melted down.In name of music, it rump be verbalise that the virtuosos gained transc repealent popularity and well-disposed acceptance. Singers, pianists and violinists, for examples, open exceeded the expectations of their audiences during their perfor compositionces largely because they performed with such great high temp seasonture and intensity. Part of the undercoat why the expectations of their audiences were exceeded is the situation that most of the pieces vie were challenging, if non passing difficult to achieve.The sunup of the ro worldtic earned run av epochge spawned a great deal of new art forms which were comparatively unknown in earlier times. symphonic poems and art songs be just approximately of the new esthetic avenues introduced at the peak of the amative flowing. It takes footling effort to arrive at that, indeed, the rising of a new check would consequently pathfinder in a new specialise of delicious forms. On the other h and, the diametrical target be also true. That is, the actualisation of new dainty forms and styles in genuine disciplines could also be reasons to the pro flavourration of the romantic date of reference.Experimentation was a key instrument in the identification of these new artistic avenues during the romantic season. It bed be said that, as pile began to acquire more and more freedom, individuals became more accustomed to the eyeshot and traffic pattern of transcending the whole kit of their predecessors. Experimenting with what has already been established during the real period could take aim level off been the pastime for most artists. In essence, the congenator success of the romanticistic era for the artists brook be instantly linked with the authentic increase in their liberty to practice their craft and master their skills.With the image of experimenting, wad especially artists of the sentimentalist era may do been unceasingly seeking their f antasies and calm that these fantasies come to life in their artistic works. peradventure the artists during the neoclassical period were powerfully delimited by the standards of the society during those times, which is why the manifestation of their fantasies r arely materialized although the waves of artistic fantasies blab out right through and through the very police van and minds of these artists.As an apparent result, artists grew more and more imaginative in ways unimaginable, at least in the setting of the time during the guiltless period. The increased teemingness of creative thinking during the romanticist era coat the way for the self-realisation among individuals that not everything can be or should be categorized under the tick musket ball (Perkins, 1990, p. 131). In many ways, the romanticistic period has intimately dissolved the eggity of art. As creativity significantly erased the pre-established artistic frames upon which virtuosos showed little to no regard, the following lastly came at a steadily increase pace, not only when popularizing the term amatory but also establishing it as a great accomplishment in the account of mankind.By the term itself driftone is already inclined to hire that the Romantic period is a physical body of a period of transition in the development of man. From the evening gown boundaries to the full fruition of humanitys freedom, the many vary parts of the Romantic period may not have altogether been the end itself during the time. Rather, the Romantic period only served as a time to prepare man for the complete progression of freedom, at least in impairment of artistic freedom.Prior to the Romantic era, it can be said that the disciplines were formal and constructive of the way in which man should conduct his affairs. Everything was make in a more or less, or even in a precise resembling manner. Perhaps the artists during the Romantic era have found something in the stainless era which they frowned upon. What else could this something be than the feature that the unequivocal era has been predominantly delineate by the formal and uniform mode of defining what is artistic or socially acceptable from what is not? Of course, the vastness of the standardal period can merely be altogether define by a single comment precisely because in that respect, too, are many contrary disciplines during that time. Yet to bring and argue that in that respect is no real difference betwixt the Classical era and Romantic era is to entirely cast the point.Nevertheless, it is a hardly debatable thought that the Classical era is an era which can be slow differentiated from the Romantic era and sin versa. Apart from the position that new art forms were introduced during the Romantic era, there was also the increase response towards the realization of artistic and intellectual freedom. Lest one becomes confused, one should be reminded that the struggles to dissolve from t he coherent and throttle system during the Classical period were not as emphasised and widespread as compared to those during the Romantic period. Perhaps there was no existing social stimulus to throw a fit the sensibilities of people at the height of the Classical period. Perhaps the efforts undertaken during those times were not exclamatory enough or lacked the momentum to part a widespread social change. Nonetheless, the Romantic era has make its significant mark in the biography of humanity, and continues to do so even to this day.ReferencesLenneberg, H. (1994). Classic and Romantic The scratch Usage of the Terms. The melodious Quarterly, 78(3), 619.Perkins, D. (1990). The Construction of The Romantic Movement as a literary Classification. Nineteenth-Century Literature, 45(2), 131.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Management - Essay ExampleSurely, large companies have never been the greatest evil of the society. Nevertheless, their ferment over peoples behavior (buying habits), government regulations and even environment has risen drastically in the latest decades due to the expansion of globalization processes. For that precedent the level of mixer responsibility each company overtakes in the contemporary seam environment is now greatly influencing both the society and the companys success. The given paper will present Alcoa, a manufacturer of primary aluminum, fabricated aluminum, and alumina combine (Alcoa Inc. 2011), as an example of a company that tries to fasten that it is not only a good manufacturer of its products, but also a positive and contributing member of the world society. The goal of this paper is to limn the companys achievements with regards to fulfilling social needs within society, as well as defining areas that need improvement. We will also analyse how Alcoas soci al activities impact the society and stakeholders. Alcoa Inc. Today Alcoa is an international organization with its main headquarters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and 31 headquarters all over the world. The history of the company started in 1886, when Charles Martin Hall, a student at that time, started working of developing a commercially aluminum extracting process (The spark of innovation (1886-1920) 2011). In the search for investiture for the research Charles made contacts with several entrepreneurs who helped him with the money and, finally, created a company named The Pittsburg Reduction Company. in 1907 the name was changed to Aluminum Company of America. It was only 1999 when the firm was renamed to Alcoa. These days Alcoa operates internationally and participates in all the major aspects of the business developing technology, performing mining, refining, smelting, fabricating, and recycling of aluminum. The major business practices of the organization are Make to Use, Elim inate Waste, People grit the System and ABS and Cost Savings. The Make to Use concept involves avoiding overproduction while manufacturing with the account of customers. Alcoa tends to create good working environments for its employees and is continuously working of improving its business processes for the purpose of increased savings at all the stages of operation (Inside the Alcoa Business System (ABS) 2011). The vision statement of Alcoa claims that the company works in a caoutchouc manner in order to protect and promote the health and well-being of the individual and the environment (Vision & Values 2011). Identifying Stakeholders Business can be conducted in antithetic ways. So the question here is how much the organization influences various stakeholders of its. If the company in some way enriches the lives of the stakeholders, then the company can claim that it is socially responsible (Freeman, Velamuri and Moriarty 2006). At the same time, it cannot be said that the only stakeholders here are the direct consumers and shareholders of the company. As Marc Triebwasser (1998) points out, free market and competition are that the games that global elite and large companies play. Being large and powerful, they have plenty of tools for keeping and maintaining their current status. Among such tools are government campaign contributions, lobbying, and captured regulatory agencies (Triebwasser, 1998). Furthermore, a

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Business Ethics - Essay ExampleThis immoral and illegal policy of Great Benefits against its policyholders eventually took its toll when unmatched of its policyholders died when Great Benefits denied the coverage of bone marrow transplant which could have saved his life. This resulted for Rudy Baylor to file a lawsuit against the company.In addition to this already immoral and double-faced policy of Great Benefits, it also showed no sense of blood line ethic when it still kept on accepting new policy holders despite its softness to keep its obligation of coverage to its clients. The company is already incurring massive debts and its strategy of accepting more clients to keep the company afloat showed business severity because Great Benefits never intended to cover them in case they provide file for claim. In effect, Great Benefits is toying with its policyholders fate just to keep its business afloat.Great Benefits insurance did not incorporate itself as an insurance company to deliberately defraud its policy holders. For sure, just like any other companies, it must had some lofty ideals to serve its policyholders only that certain circumstances forced it to chose course of business actions that are not only deemed immoral, but illegal as well. What happened to Great Benefits was that it did not have enough capital reserve to cover the claims of its policyholders. It was burdened with debt that made its financial position to settle obligations precarious. Instead of making a loan to increase its capital reserve, Great Benefits opted to take the easier alternative, albeit immoral and illegal, to take in more policyholders to keep itself afloat financially.The first policy that I will devise is how to avoid such unethical, immoral and illegal act from ever happening again. I issue a policy that for a certain human activity of policyholders, there should be a corresponding

Agents of socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Agents of socialization - Essay ExampleI have been taught to respect the authority of my father and to look after my m otherwise and the rest of my family as well. I think that the basic ideas of right and wrong, and a belief in the importance of family came to me through the social agents of my parents and grandparents.School was non such an important influence for me, at least not until I went to college. I found that what I learn through reading is more important than some of the lessons at school, and I did not fully understand how to make the best of school until I was well over 20 years old. In recent years I am discovering that a lot of things can be learned from other students, and not just the teachers. Listening to other students talk in class is a elan of understanding the pressures and pleasures of different kinds of people. Politics becomes more interesting when you can link it to real life people that you k at present yourself, and so I have to rent that my fellow st udents have been important agents of socialization for me, especially because I missed out on an American childhood, and cannot always imagine how and why people defy certain views. Of course teachers are important agents of socialization too. I respect my teachers and observe how they behave in a professional way and this is important for my future, since I hope one day to be in a position of some authority in a responsible job and dealing with other people.The media are a major agent of socialization in my life and I love to use the latest gadgets and keep up with what is happening in the world. When I was young I could not imagine the possibility of being in touch with people from all over the world but now I have friends in Iran, in Europe, the Middle East and all over America through the means of social media like facebook and twitter. I do not read newspapers very much, and I do not have much time for television, but my computer is always with me, and I read almost everythin g on my laptop. This allows me to form my own

GOV STUDY GUIDE 649,652,654, Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

GOV STUDY GUIDE 649,652,654, - Assignment ExampleSoviets were a mathematical group of elected government council members in a counrty that was communist.9. In a monarchy, the sovereignty of the government in power is usually possessed in one person, a king or a queen and it only lasts until the person dies and the next family member in line takes over (McClenaghan, 2006). A minister is a politician in a subject area or regional government who has the duty of implementing policy decisions.10. A coalition is a formal pact between people or groups of people with the project of satisfying each groups interest (McClenaghan, 2006). A consensus is an agreement between two people or groups and smooth decision-making process occurs because each caller has the entitlement to make decisions.1. In 1918, the Chinese political and military leader, Chiang Kai-shek joined a nationalist party known as the Kuomintang (KMT). Chiang had a successor called, Sun Yat-Sen in year 1925, who ensured that there was a unification process for all the local leaders in China and chased away the communists in China. He centre on battling both communism and Japanese aggression. When Chinas allies declared the war in Japan in 1914, China also participated as one of the Big four. Later, there was a civil war in China in 1946 and the communist forces in China led by monoamine oxidase Zedong succeeded thereby creating the Peoples Republic of China.Cultural Revolution was a movement in China established to cleanse China of the four olds which include old customs, ideas, culture and habits (McClenaghan, 2006). The movement was launched by Mao Zedong as a way of reasserting his authority in the government.3. The Republic of China is what is known as chinaware and the Peoples Republic of China is what is known as China (McClenaghan, 2006). These are two separate states, but both states seem to claim to stop the other.5. In China, there are no political opposition groups, but in Russia there are many political groups such as the KTR group and the

Biochemistry science field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biochemistry science field - query Paper ExampleTherefore, it may be hypothesized that the use of cartilage in the promotion of endochondral regeneration of bones may leverage normal development and repair sequences resulting in a properly vascularized regenerate capable of consolidation with the host tissues. Various tests obligate demonstrated that cartilage grafts are able to support the regeneration of vascularized and integrated bone tissues in vivo, while lineage hint experiments have revealed graft derived regenerates.Mesenchymal chaff cells are actually the pluripotent cells existing in numerous adult human tissues, for example bone marrow and adipose as well as synovial tissues, and since they originate from the mesoderm, they differentiate to become bones and cartilage as well as muscles and adipose tissues (Nolta, 2006). Mesenchymal radical cells from embryonic sources have demonstrated probabilities in science while at the same time creating a considerable amount o f controversy. As a consequence, numerous researchers have effect emphasis on adult stem cells or those isolated from human adults that may be transplanted in to tissues that are damaged. As a result of their multi-potent capability, mesenchymal stem cell lineages have been employed with success in animal models in the regeneration of articular cartilage and in human models in the regeneration of bones. Research done recently has shown that articular cartilage chamberpot be repaired through percutaneous introduction of mesenchymal stem cells. This paper aims at explaining how bone and cartilage can be differentiated from stem cells as well as considering the current research and development of this discipline.An experiment that sought to investigate conditions that can stimulate stem cells to differentiate into fat of bone cells while being encapsulated by hydrogels was conducted with polymer networks, which could simulate various conditions where the stem cells grow naturally. Th e first step in growing the immature cartilage involved initiating

Research Design and Methods Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Research Design and Methods - Coursework ExampleResearch according to Jupp (2006) entails exploration, analysis, interpretation and the creation of understanding of vary phenomena which are educational in nature, and pertains a formalized and gradual occurrence of social, cultural and psychological processes.This implies that it deals with educational concerns in which there are possibilities of carrying out copesettic investigation. Similarly, the methods which enable such satisfactory investigations and the utility of the results emanating from the investigation are important. (Dash 1993).The theoretical questions in education result from wide-ranging concepts and social understandings of the same. For this reasons, a number of varied images have been brought forward to explain the criteria depending on the methodology selected and the definitions of the concerns for the inquiry. A paradigm, according to Kuhn (1962) an integrated cluster of substantive, concepts, variables and p roblems attached with corresponding methodological approach and tools (p.52).Positivism paradigm- The paradigm explores social reality and is anchored on ideas of August Conte, a French philosopher. Conte postulates that the two key aspects of observation and reason inform the understanding of human behavior. He underscores the acquaintance is based on sensual experience which is obtained through experimentation and observation. His scientific method is, therefore, used by positivistic thinkers to generate knowledge. There are a number of hypothesiss under the positivism, which are vital in helping to understand the paradigm. However, these assumptions at some point have been considered as separate paradigms of their own. They include the assumption of Parsimony, the assumption of Empiricism the assumption of Generality and the assumption of Determinism which form the framework within which the paradigm is

Teaching elementary students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teaching elementary students - Essay ExampleAt this current children develop effectively writing and drawing skills.The cognitive development characteristics be active information gathering, learning skills, mastering abstract thinking. At this period of animation children master verbal skills. They long to become competent thats why they are prone to ask many questions which are mostly fact-oriented. Communication require are usually satisfied in social groups or interest clubs. Elementary students are able to handle abstract ideas, think generally of concrete objects, devise memory strategies, and evaluate behavior. Their attention is selective.The emotional development of elementary students is marked by acquiring independence and self-confidence. Its a stage when self-concept and self-awareness are developing. Its a stage when a personality traits are more outlined and which can be changed or preserved for the rest of the life depending on many factors.At this stage of devel opment an active social participation starts. A person learns to achieve and compete, feels strong group identity. The need for interaction is satisfied through working and playing with others. The sex identity is determined and a child imitates the same sex adult.Constructivism regards learning as a construction of ingenuousness through our experiences. People generate mental models to shape experience and further acquire new ones. So, successful teaching practices should take into account the mental models which students commit to perceive the world.Constructivists regard learning as a search for meaning, not memorizing of the ready answers. Constructivism suggests to customize curricula according to students needs, thus eliminating a standardized curriculum as well as grades and standardized testing. The students are encouraged to analyze and interpret information. They also play a vital role in the assessment of their progress.In Piaget developmental theory learning is also ba sed

Elaborate sustainable solutions on how to reduce construction waste Essay

Elaborate sustainable solutions on how to reduce construction waste during construction sites in United Arab Emirates - Essay Exampleand materials which are stored at the construction site are not always stored in the proper manner and as such, creator problems with regards to the performance of the workers and the use of the surrounding amenities. Most of the construction area pollution is being caused by activities such as drilling, piling, cement mixing, etc. which generate unconditioned dust stemming from the construction activities at various locations which utilize machinery in the mixing and exhausting of materials.With dust being pointed to as the major cause of air pollution, it has drop dead quite evident that the chemicals and fuels necessary to proceed with the project need to be considered in terms of storage and use in order to lessen its libelous effects, discomfort, and air pollution at the site . Co2 emissions are normally traced back to the maachinery and stored materials. Over time these emissions affect not only the environment, but the deterrent example of the workers whose productivity is directly tied in with their sick days. More sick days on their part often results on delayed project completion. out-of-pocket to these aforementioned reasons, it is quite obvious that proper storage, organization, and regulations must be implemented at the construction sites fortheir materials, components, and machinery which can help to lower the pollution generated during the construction period.The go bad pollution created by the vibration of the machinery and vehicles at the construction site due to the haphazard use of the equipment or low quality of construction materials used. The soil and saturnine materials that move around at the site cause a vibration which create noise that can adversely affect the health and hearing of the workers. As such, a variety of building related illnesses can be noted during this span of time among the worker s. Unfortunately, the noise cannot be avoided because of the size of the machinery used and large scurf vibration that it creates. However, the noise pollution can be managed

Can the drivers of property investment deliver value in a global Literature review

Can the drivers of property investment deliver value in a global economic downturn - Literature review causaThe risk was so big because the collapse of the housing bubble in the USA affected not only the valuations of homes, but also several early(a) agencies, industries, and personnel that included but were not limited to the mortgage markets, real estate, foreign banks, home builders, and home supply retail outlets. The Case-Shiller home price index number noted the largest ever drop in the prices of houses by the end of the year 2008. It was because of the anticipated risks imposed by the bursting housing bubble that President George W. Bush denote the housing markets bailout for those homeowners who could not compensate for their mortgage debts. Economic recession and massive foreclosures of housing caused by the global financial crisis was a electromotive force threat to the investors. When a financial crisis hits a countrys economy, it affects the value of property investm ent just like it affects all other industries, though at that place is variation between the value delivered by property investment and other business options in such times. The real estate business has conventionally remained the lift out investment of all time, including the time of financial crisis. Knowledge of the potential drivers of the business of property investment provides the investors with a way to transform the risks into opportunities. Population Growth during monetary Crisis and Its Impact on Property Investment One of the most fundamental drivers of property prices is population change. People want to dwell in common areas. Prices of popular areas are higher than the rest because there are more interest parties than the number of dwellings available. Prices of an area go down when the dwellings outnumber the interested parties. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) that conducts a census every five years to publish the trends of population growt h, trends of population growth do not show abrupt changes. plot of land the indigenous population does not show rapid changes in growth, there are other factors that contribute to the growth of population, the most important among them being the immigration rate of a country. Things that do change population growth rapidly - and provide investors with opportunity - are changes in immigration quotas, changes in infrastructure fashioning areas more or less attractive and accessible to live in, and changes to study such as the booming resources industry (Moore, 2012). During the financial crisis, there has been a regrets in the rate of immigration despite the increased tendency among the governments to increase the immigration rate since every immigrant that is allowed hostage contributes to the growth of the host countrys economy. Although immigration rate is generally perceived to have negative effects on the employability of the indigenous population of a country, yet several s tudies have make up that the long term effects of immigration are opposite of what they are generally perceived to be immigrants increase the productivity as well as the average income (Peri, 2010b, p. 7). Immigration rate is considerably linked with the employment rate. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 show how the rate of immigration is affected by the rate of employment in a country. Fig. 1 Variation in Immigration rate from 1995 to 2010 (Peri, 2010a, p. 3). Fig. 2 Variation in employment rate from 1995 to

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Executive Summary - Essay Exampleteve Jobs decline in share prices and emergence of stiffer competitors offering cheaper products among others, investors and spectators were gleaming at any possibility that Apples future performance could be on the decline.First, to counter competitors come across of producing relatively cheaper alternatives to the iPhone, it was revealed that Apple could produce an iPhone for less than $150 to broaden its appeal (Has Apple peaked? par. 7). This is a viable strategy given that competitors have already launched several alternatives to the smartphone at significantly affordable prices especi whollyy in emerging markets, like China.Secondly, Horace Dediu, a spokesperson from Asymco, a research firm, was cited to disclose that it would be a mistake to think Apple is resting on its laurels (Has Apple peaked? par. 13). His proof was the soaring of capital expenditure of Apple which is an indication that it is producing a brisk product to be launched in the market.Third, the legal battle Apple has encountered with Samsung was noted to be indicative of it being on the defensive stance. I am positive(p) that any organization threatened by competitors in terms of product patent would do the same thing.As a competitor, like Samsung, the apparent amplify in capital expenditure that indicates that Apple is concocting a new innovative product should spur me to increase my research capabilities and try to find out from all contingent avenues what these technological gadgets could be. Likewise, I could set my product engineers to design new, creative, and more innovative gadgets that would potentially be seen as blockbuster products and could be purchased at relatively cheaper amounts than what Apple normally offers.If I am personally involved in Apple as an employee, I would definitely by knowledgeable of any possible new product innovation or future product launches that are being designed. As such, I could validate that Apple could si mple be at the steady state

Cultural competence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural competence - Essay ExampleCultural accommodation strategies include covering babys head and burial of the placenta among others. The aforesaid(prenominal) strategy aims at facilitating cultural practices that are yet to be scientifically harmful. Nursing professionals advocate acknowledgment, respect, and at a lower placestanding of assorted cultural beliefs.Secondly, cultural re-patterning entails working with the lymph gland in order to adjust existing cultural practices. For instance, fried foods from various cultures, abuse of a spouse, and teas for a healthy baby are some practices under cultural re-patterning. If a patient domiciles from a tribe that advocates the use of herbs, a nurse needs to convince the patient to desist from using herbs by quoting various herbs that have adverse impacts. Finally, cultural brokering entails encouraging and mediating between cultural norm of clients and the biomedical structure (Huber, 2009). Accommodation of a vast range of cul tures facilitates in gaining the in demand(p) knowledge and competence.There are various challenges facing cultural competency in the nursing perspective. For instance, stereotypes, racism, and discrimination are some of the hiccups that are prevalent. However, nurses are boost to approach clients in a professional manner while addressing their problems (Jeffreys, 2010). Therefore, nurse-patient relationship is of vital importance in the administration of effective health care for patients with diverse cultural

Participation Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Participation Discussion Questions - Essay ExampleThese laws protect the employees in matters such(prenominal) as compensation, working conditions, and retirement benefits.I agree with you that it is imperative for managers to have excellent knowledge of appointment laws. Managers lower their business encounter by complying with manipulation laws because a lack of compliance can lead to governmental fines, civil lawsuits, and a loss of brand value. If a corporation fails to comply with basic art laws such as paying at or above minimum wage they can incur in damages beyond the potential fines. The customer can lose confidence in the corporate behavior of the company and switch to the competition. In the 21st century corporate social responsibility has fuck off an important strategy to achieve business growth.The utilization of hiring practices that foster diversity has positive benefits such as improving creativity and gaining insight into other cultures. If an employee violates employment laws a manager must discipline the person and possible terminate employment if the violates warrants such punishment. Knowledge is power, thus education the workforce on employment will improve the quality and value of the human capital of a corporation.As you mentioned understanding employment laws is a two way process since both employer and employees are affected by them. Applying educational efforts in the corporate world to increase the knowledge of employees of employment laws is a sound investment. The overall business risk of an enterprise decreases as the employees become more knowledgeable of employment laws. Diminishing interpersonal conflict due to a lack of knowledge of employment increases the productivity of the workers. I liked your idea of creating handbooks with information regarding employment laws. Doing so is an initiative that provides documentation the workers can use to study on their own time most employment laws as well as reference

American Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

American instruction - Research Paper Example The hypothesis time-tested was the simple answer No. Not at all. 2. Introduction In the early periods of American History, Christianity formed the main source of association and teaching. Before the emergence of the Private School System, the Church influence was eminent on the American Education System. As per the founding rules and regulations set for the running of the education ashes, the American national Government had no rights of interference in the field of education. However with the passage of time, it was felt necessary that the country mustiness have a centrally realized education system (Haugen and Susan, pp43-49). The Federal Ministry of Interior was responsible for looking after the affairs of education which included all sorts of funding until in 1979 when the Federal Ministry of Education was established formally. After 1979, all the affairs of the education in United States of America are addressed in the Minist ry of Education. There is however an exception to nearly states that they can form and implement policies of their own which aim at benefitting the educational institutions. In United States, besides the government, there are social groups and educational organizations which help and fund in education sector. The United States law protects every citizens right of getting education. ... American Education System is however not up to the required mark which would help the countrymen achieve the height and grandeur among the nations of the world. The institutions are educating the students with an aim to fill them with knowledge of theory having no attempt to turn them practical. They must despite try to make them innovators as to make them capable of devising their own methods of success. The obsolete method of memorization of stuff is against the current day requirements of skills. The system has failed to produce inside the student a will to conquer (Diane, pp74-88). Tony Wagner ag itates against the American Education System in a calm manner Today knowledge is ubiquitous, constantly changing, growing exponentially. Today knowledge is free. Its like air, its like water. Its become a commodity. There is no competitive advantage today in knowing more than the person next to you. The world doesnt care what you know. What the world cares about is what you can do with what you know (Wagner and Compton, p 56). The schools in United States are unable to produce innovators which mean that American society must suffer from inertia The culture of development as we all know is radically at odds with the culture of learning that produces innovators (Wagner and Compton, p 59). His conclusion was based on the research he conducted during visits of a large number of schools. He was sure that the current system if persisted for long would result in a society devoid of innovators. Many reasons have been deliberated upon by the researchers of the American Education System whic h hinder innovations. Students are taught to concentrate upon improving their GPA.

Alfred hitcock and how his movies are still socially releavant today Essay

Alfred hitcock and how his movies are still socially releavant today - Essay ExampleAlicia Huberman in Notorious and Lisa Fremont in Rear window were characteristically intelligent and assertive women who rarely submitted to the domineering status of men. Feminism In Beyond the Gaze Visual Fascination and the Feminine Image in Silent Hitchcock, Jessica Brent uses 2 Hitchcock films, Vertigo (1958) and Rear Window (1954), to exemplify her feminist theory that these films are designed to satisfy male intrust. They are tailored to the fantasies and fears of the male viewer, who bears an intrinsic desire to see the female fetishized and controlled. These two films support the feminist thesis that classic film negates the view of the female spectator. This is because they confine the viewers interpretation of events in the film to the heros perspective and vision of events. They focus on the mans point of view through reveal the story. Consequently, the spectator is left with no option but to identify with the perspective of the male protagonist. Often, this male protagonist has a domineering control over a female object. Rear Windows Lisa Fremont is obsessed with dress and style and is consequently reduced to an image of visual perfection. Jeff is the male figure who exerts a bossy control over the static Lisa. His profession of photojournalism places him in pole position to descend into the act of voyeurism. Compounded with his enforced inactivity, this behavior puts him in a fantasy position for a antiquated audience. The character of Norman Bates in Psycho (1960) serves as an indicator of the images that individuals of both genders are likely to view in Hitchcocks films, which serve as images of perplexing sexuality that have the potential of destabilizing the protagonists gender identity and that of viewers alike. The mother daughter relationship is a balanced theme in Psycho. However, in Hitchcocks films from Rebecca onwards, this vital feminine relatio nship is not portrayed from a gender neutral perspective. As a result, it evokes a critical terror to the protagonists and viewers gender identity, and serves as one of the main problems in Hitchcocks films. For example, Madeleine, the heroine in Vertigo, is so thoroughly possessed by her nanna Carlotta Valdez, that she loses her individuality (Brent, 78 81). In other films of Hitchcock, a mother-in-law plays the role of a mother figure. In addition, she has such a striking resemblance to the heroine that the implication which comes out is that of a mother daughter relationship. For example, in the movie Notorious, both Alicia and her mother-in-law have foreign accents and blonde hair. There is also a striking resemblance betwixt Mitchs mother and Melanie Daniels in The Birds. Moreover, Hitchcock adapts a point of view that induces the spectator to naturally identify with the mother figure (Tay, 276). Hitchcocks movies helped to accelerate the spread of womens lib in modern so ciety. Feminist movements have undertaken widespread campaigns for womens rights throughout the world. These campaigns have raised the status of women in society by achieving equal accept for women, womens suffrage, the right to own property, and reproductive rights for women among m all others. Voyeurism Hitchcock incorporates aspects of voyeurism in nearly all his movies. However, one film in particular explores this concept more than any of the others. This is Rear Window, which epitomes the convergence of voyeurism, visual pleasure,

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay Example for Free

express Traumatic Stress Disorder EssayIntroductionPost impairmenttic sift perturb (PTSD) is a mental health condition that presents in form of anguish throw break by of kilter, and it usually phrases following painting to an pillow slip or incident that is terrifying and roughlyly associated with an increased hazard or actual go alongrence of severe body harm. These events exceed the coping capabilities of the diverse(prenominal), resulting into psychological trauma. As a result of the trauma, the affected individual develops attention conditioning in their brain, peradventure because of certain brain chemicals that argon released. Some structures in the brain ar a same(p) thought to undergo atrophy. The risk of developing government agency traumatic judge derangement is withal influenced by genetics and personal characteristics, for example childhood implement, for contendd exposure and preexisting conditions such(prenominal) as depression, gender a nd degree of exposure to trauma (Fullerton Ursano, 2005).Most deal who develop this condition are those who pee been loose to traumatic incidents in their childhood or self-aggrandisinghood, worry earthy disasters, manmade disasters, accidents, military combat, and violent material abuse, as individuals or witnessing someone else undergo the incidents. Ab come in ii thirds of the population worldwide creates open to signifi empennaget traumatic views in the course of their life clip. The level of exposure to or experience of a traumatic event is ashesatically associated with the the likes oflihood of developing PSTD. The maturement of pip traumatic mental strain perturb also shows significant correlation with poor socioeconomic settings, age, race, ethnicity, and employment status. The affected people undergo continuous frightening thoughts as they recall the terrifying experiences, frequently having sleep problems and feeling detached and becoming withdrawn.The tolerants develop psychological problems such as neuroticism, guilt, difficulties in concentration, poor coping skills, and obsessive symptoms. The level of well-disposed support available for the people who take hold been exposed to traumatic events is the self-coloredest determinant of the risk of ring armor traumatic latent hostility illness (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). Post traumatic tense up illness is assort as acute, degenerative or delayed onset. Acute smirchtraumatic stress disorder presents with symptoms that do not persist beyond three months, while in the chronic form the symptoms last more than three months. Delayed onset home traumatic stress disorder is the one in which the symptoms start appearing about six months following exposure to the traumatic event. As compared to popular stress that is usually associated with acute reactions that rapidly re unloose to the normal state, the biological and psychological mechanisms in post traumatic stress disorder a re chronic and very much become severe with time (Fullerton Ursano, 2005).Current discourse of post traumatic stress disorder includes exposure therapies and anxiety management trainings as the first-line treatments. Pharmacological therapies such as the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors put one over also been designed and shown to be effective, though intensive studies are in progress to develop some another(prenominal) form of doses. In spite of the realizable cleverness of pharmaceutical interventions, psychological treatments still remain the preferred therapeutic comees for this disorder (Keane, marshal Taft, 2006). The termination of the therapeutic interventions depends on the level of social support, and lack of symptoms such as avoidance, emotional numbing and hyperarousal. According to Keane, Marshall and Taft (2006), PSTD has been in existence for many another(prenominal) centuries though it became recognized in the 1980.This condition was commo nly linked to warfare, until studies exhibit the occurrence of comparable symptoms in the civilian population exposed to natural disasters, mass catastrophes and tragical accidents. Prior to this, post traumatic stress disorder was identified by different names such as, shell shock, battle fatigue, accident neurosis, and post-rape syndrome (Keane, Marshall Taft 2006, p.163). aft(prenominal) the American Psychiatric Association classified post traumatic stress disorder, it was generally agreed that the condition resulted from traumatic events and not the previously perceived individual weakness. However, these traumatic events were taken to be stressors beyond the daily human experiences including war, natural calamities, manmade disasters, and rape among others.Symptoms of PSTDSymptoms of post traumatic stress disorder frequently alter the long-sufferings personal life and can affect ones functional abilities. These symptoms mostly start immediately after the traumatic experie nce, but often they whitethorn appear several months or years since the exposure. These symptoms are classified into four types including reliving, avoidance, numbing and hyperarousal (Fletcher, 1996). Patients suffering from this disorder frequently relive memories of the traumatic incidents in form of flashback and nightmares. This reliving of traumatic events is often triggered by stimuli related to the event.Avoidance of scenes related to the traumatic event is also a common symptom presenting in individuals with post traumatic stress disorder. The patients show a endeavor to avoid stimuli and triggers that are associated with the traumatic memories, and may engage in activities to keep them from thinking or discussing such events. Numbness may also manifest as a way of avoiding the traumatic memories. Hyperarousal is another common symptom in PSTD patients, whereby the dupes become passing alert and lookout for threats. This forges the patients to become very irritable and have difficulties in concentrating. The patients may also develop sleeping disorders, exhibit violent behavior and galvanize responses (Rosen, 2004).Information processing in patients with PSTDVarious models have been developed to explain the memory and concentration problems manifested by patients affected by post traumatic stress disorder. These models relate the cognitive problems with these patients with the changes in the brain structures that function in learning and memory. The first model is described as fear structure, whereby the brain of the affected individuals become programmed to process information associated with the threatening experience and subsequent physiological, physical and behavioral responses. other information processing model is based on cognitive theory, with an assertion that the disorder progresses only if a person perceives the traumatic incident in a manner that work ons the incident to become threatening after it has taken place. The percept of the trauma as being present results into intrusions and reliving symptoms, anxiety, and over alertness. Subsequently, the affected individual tries to decrease perceptions of the threat through behavioral and cognitive modifications, although these changes further continue the symptoms (Rosen, 2004).Prevalence of PSTDEpidemiologic studies indicate that about 10 percent of the universal population experience PSTD at some point in their lifetime. Epidemiologic surveys also indicate that between a third and two-thirds of the world population experience or witness trauma at some point in life. The most common forms of traumatic events people get exposed to or experience in developed countries include grave harm or death, fire disasters, natural calamities, and life-threatening accidents. The most prevalent forms of trauma experienced by females are rape, sexual exploitation and abuse, physical assault, and neglect, while physical assault and military-related trauma are more prevalent i n males (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). Post traumatic stress disorder can occur at any age, and the occlusive it takes to develop following exposure or experiencing of a traumatic event ranges from hours to years.The prevalence of PSTD in the general population is higher in females as compared to males, with an estimated prevalence of 10 percent and 5 percent respectively. Among individuals exposed to trauma, the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder in males is 8 percent, while in females it is about 20 percent. The prevalence differences across gender lines are thought to be related to the specific form of trauma experienced. For instance, it has been shown that females who experience physical assault or are threatened with a weapon are at a high risk of developing post traumatic stress disorder as compared to men subjected to the same trauma. Similarly, males who experience sexual abuse are at a higher risk of developing PSTD as compared to the females who also experience t he same stressor. Additionally, exposure to interpersonal forcefulness among women is positively associated with later development of post traumatic stress disorder. In general, exposure to interpersonal violence is strongly associated with the development of PSTD as compared to traumatic events that occur without a human perpetrator.Further studies show that of the entire population that experience or witness severe trauma at some point in their life, it is less than 20 percent who develop post traumatic stress disorder, thus suggesting the existence of many risk factor outs (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). The prevalence is importantly increased in countries where rates of violence, crimes and war are high, and also in parts of the world that are more prone to natural catastrophes. Younger age appears to be associated with a higher risk of developing post traumatic stress disorder (Keanne, Marshall, Taft, 2006). Meta analysis studies have also shown that children and teenagers who ge t exposed to traumatic events are 1.5 times likely to develop post traumatic stress disorder than adults exposed to the same trauma.These findings suggest that the developmental process of the disorder in young individuals varies from that of the adults. disappoint education achievement is also associated with increased risk for this disorder. new(prenominal) factors associated with high prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder include pre-existing psychiatric problems, juvenile delinquency, childhood adversity, personality disorders, genetic factors, severity of the trauma, and lack of social support (Schnurr, Friedman Bernardy, 2002). Though findings on race are not undifferentiated, a strong correlation has been shown to exist between the race of a person and the development of post traumatic disorder. Some studies have indicated that whites have a lower risk of developing post traumatic stress disorder as compared to nonwhites, even when other risk factors like exposure to traumatic events are held constant (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). involve findings have complete that chronic PSTD is mostly associated with some psychiatric conditions and impaired psychosocial activities. Among these comorbid conditions include, major depression, dysthemia, mania, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, simple phobia, agoraphobia, alcohol abuse/dependence, drug abuse, social phobia, and conduct disorder (Schnurr, Friedman Bernardy 2002, p. 880). Despite these psychiatric conditions being risk factors for post traumatic stress disorder, the disorder itself can also be a predisposing factor for the psychiatric conditions.Etiology of PSTDThe major etiologic factor in PSTD is the trauma. However, various studies have shown that not all individuals who get exposed to same traumatic events develop the disorder, thus indicating the existence of certain predisposing conditions. Recognition that trauma alone may not be the sole cause of post traumatic stress disord er and the observations that not all people who get exposed to traumatic events develop the disorder have led to identification of various aspects where individual differences may determine vulnerability. These aspects include appraisal tendencies, genetic makeup, and certain risk factors (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). Appraisal tendencies relate to the individual perceptions of situations or events, whereby some individuals are likely to consider situation or events as threatening or horrifying as compared to other individuals. Clinical studies have shown that many individuals who experience or witness traumatic events do not develop post traumatic stress disorder.This is attributed to the individual variations on the ability to cope with traumatic situations, thus different individuals possess differing psychological reactions to similar traumatic situations. It has, therefore, been recognized that exposure to traumatic events gets perceived through cognitive and emotional mechanisms involving appraisal (Vieweg et al., 2006). Whereas some individuals may perceive a situation or event as a huge threat, others may perceive the same situation as a challenge that demands them to evolve coping abilities. A make sense of risk factors that render some people more vulnerable to developing post traumatic stress disorder than others have been identified. These risk factors are classified as pre-traumatic, traumatic or post-traumatic (Vieweg et al., 2006).Pre-traumatic factors that may predict later development of post traumatic stress disorder as identified by various studies are childhood trauma, the existence of psychiatric problems, childhood maladaptive behaviors, poor family background, introversion, gender, and existence of physical health problems among others. Studies on early periods of development show an change magnitude relationship between early life trauma and a greater likelihood for the development of PSTD (Keanne, Marshall Taft, 2006 Edsall, Karnik St einer, 2005). This hypothesis is, however, supported by few data obtained from small samples. But still, it is well established that childhood abuse and experience of other trauma early in life are partially obligated for the manifestation of post PSTD later in life in the general adult population. In a study carried out in the USA by MaCauley et al. (1997), it was shown that a significantly high number of women with a greater disposition to develop post traumatic stress disorder had undergone early life physical assault, sexual abuse or serious neglect.The study investigated about 2000 adult females drawn from different socioeconomic groups, and who were attending primary care internal euphony practices. McCauley and colleagues found that 22 percent of the study population experienced many physical symptoms with much higher levels of, depression, anxiety, somatization and interpersonal sensitivity, a fivefold higher prevalence of drug abuse and a twofold higher level of alcohol abuse (McCauley et al. 1997, p. 1367). In general, the data supports the established models of risk for the development of PSTD, whereby genetic predisposition, genius and childhood or adulthood trauma are significant risks factors for PSTD development. Therefore, the recent trauma experienced by an individual also triggers the development of post traumatic stress disorder.This has been shown to arise from the effectuate of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), which is a ductless gland concern in regulating the autonomic, immune and behavioral reactions to any stress. change magnitude secretion of corticotropin releasing factor is associated with increased expression of psychiatric symptoms, including PSTD symptoms (Sapolsky, 1996). With regard to traumatic factors, many studies on post traumatic stress disorder have shown that there exists a direct relationship between severity of the trauma and subsequent development of the disorder. The severity of the trauma includes chara cteristics like the length of time the trauma took, the frequency of occurrence and the degree of harm or threat on life. Other aspects of the severity of trauma are the severity of the experience, whether somebody was harmed during the incident, whether the victim was involved directly or witnessed the trauma, and in case of sexual abuse, if the perpetrator of the atrocity was previously known to the victim.The severity of the trauma and PSTD are very consistent in the entire population, with high severity associated with increased risk for post traumatic stress disorder or severity of its symptoms (Edsall, Karnik Steiner, 2005). Studies have also shown that the post traumatic environment is also connected to later development of PSTD. Environments that are characterized by poor social support and disoriented social interaction patterns make people more vulnerable to develop post traumatic stress disorder (Ford, 2009). It has been shown that people who experience traumatic events such as rape victims and war veterans suffer from deleterious effects due to lack of post traumatic social support. Similarly, a number of studies have shown that post traumatic clinical interventions like debriefing are effective preventing later development of PSTD.Pathophysiology of PSTDMajor psychobiologic processes that give human beings capabilities to effectively deal with stressful events have been shown to be impaired in individuals having PSTD. Among the affected processes include the fight and flight responses, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, the fear conditioning, appraisal and the acoustic startle reactions (Ford, 2009). The fight and flight responses are brought about by the stimulation of the benignant nervous system. In normal persons, the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system by a traumatic event results into a sequence of autonomic and tendinous responses, which provide the person with capabilities to cope with the executable threat. How ever in people who have PSTD, it has been established that sympathetic nervous system responses and adrenergic dysregulation are also elevated. Even minor trauma related stimuli have been observed to trigger autonomic hyperresponsiveness.It has also been found that the amount of catecholamine in the urine of the victim is significantly increased. Other sympathetic nervous system abnormalities observed include, down regulation of beta-2 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and increased reactivity to the alpha-2 antagonist yohimbine (Ford 2009, p. 37). Increased reactivity of yohimbine is associated with triggering of panic attacks and trauma-related memories in people suffering from PSTD. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system also acts to enhance the ability of people to cope effectively with stress. In patients who are experiencing post traumatic stress disorder, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system is poorly modulated and the victims exhibit abnormal features l ike decreased amounts of cortisol in urine, increased amounts of lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptor and excessively inhibited dexamethasone (Sapolsky, 1996).Another psychobiologic process that has been shown to be impaired in patients with PSTD is the acoustic startle response. In normal individuals, the acoustic startle system helps in creating awareness of any possible threat. However, in patients affected by the disorder, they exhibit a reduced latency and elevated amplitude in acoustic-startle-eyeblink reflex. Besides, the patients also show marginally reduced normal dysregulation of the startle reflex (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). Fear conditioning mechanisms have also been shown to be impaired in patients with PSTD. In normal individuals, fear conditioning mechanisms facilitate the storage of information relating to exposure or experience of aversive and threatening events, thus providing one with capabilities to cope with similar challenges in future (Fullerton Ursano, 2005). Studies have, however, shown that people who suffer from this disorder exhibit a characteristic progression of the fear conditioning, evoking excessive emotional responses to perceived threats (Wisco, Marx Keanne, 2012).Appraisal process has also been shown to be diminished in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Appraisal is a psychological process through which people develop capabilities to determine the nature of an event or situation, whether it is pleasant, challenging or threatening. This in turn determines the coping, adapting and survival abilities of the individual. Patients with PSTD lack these abilities and often perceive the world as unsafe, leading to development of deleterious cognitive, emotional and behavioral effects. (Wisco, Marx Keanne, 2012) Another possible pathophysiologic mechanism involved in posttraumatic stress disorder relates to brain abnormalities in terms of structure and function (Ford, 2009). Various studies using magnetic resonance imaging techniques have present that the hippocampus volume in patients who suffer from PSTD who were previously exposed to traumatic events is significantly decreased (Fletcher, Creamer Forbes, 2010).These findings have been supported by animal studies, which have shown that continued stress causes hippocampus degeneration and loss of function of apical dendrite nerve cells. It has been hypothe coatd that this degeneration is as a result of secretion of neurotoxic aminic acids by the increased quantities of glucocorticoids. Studies using positron emission tomography have also indicated some functional brain abnormalities in individuals who are affected by PSTD. These studies have suggested elevated regional cerebral circulatory around the limbic and paralimbic regions. These regions play a role in the recognition and processing of emotions and stimuli, thus signifying their possible functions in the regulation of fear conditioning and appraisal (Rosen, 2004).Neurobiological aspects of PSTDTraumatic events directly stimulate the catecholamine system, triggering fight and flight responses such as rates of cardiac activity, blood circulation, metabolism, and alertness. Subsequently, the hypothalamus is stimulated to release corticotropin-releasing hormone, thus activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis due to the resultant stimulation of the pituitary gland and subsequent release of adrenocorticotropin hormone (Fullerton Ursano, 2005) Furthermore, cortisol is secreted by the adrenal glands, leading to increased stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. All these responses serve to provide a person with coping and survival abilities when faced with a threatening or dangerous situation. However when the trauma experienced or witnessed is chronic, these fight and flight responses often become counterproductive. Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis finally restores cortisol to normal levels through a blackball feedback mechanism. In some instances, however, the catecholamine system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may become poorly modulated, thus prevent normal trauma- and stress-related responses and leading to development of the deleterious effects of PSTD (Keanne, Marshall Taft, 2006).Various studies have shown that poor modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increased amounts of catecholamine generated by trauma adversely impair neuronal development in the brain. This occurs through different mechanisms such as increased degeneration of the nerve cells, impairment of the myelination process, reduction of the quantity and size of dendritic processes, impairment in neural pruning, suppression of the synthesis of nerve cells, and a reduction in the synthesis of neutrophic factor by the brain cells (Schnurr, Friedman, Bernardy, 2002). word picture to traumatic events has also been shown to cause certain structural changes in the nervous system, including reduced corpus callosum siz e, attenuated development of the left neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala, enhanced galvanic irritability in limbic structures, and reduced functional activity of the cerebellar vermis (Edsall, Karnik Steiner 2005, p. 110). The parts of the brain that become impacted by traumatic events have been shown to exhibit postnatal development for long periods of time, possess increased levels of glucocorticoid receptors and some formation of the nerve cells in the postnatal period. The above damages to the regions of the brain may cause the affected person to develop socialization, attachment, bonding and cognitive problems.The Catecholamine system and TraumaStudies have shown that trauma may affect the catecholamine system, as demonstrated by the increased levels of noreadrenaline and dopamine excreted in urine in people with PSTD. It has also been shown that the concentration of the catecholamine in urine in the patients relates to the length of time one is exposed to the traumatic even t, and also to the severity of the disorder cells (Schnurr, Friedman, Bernardy, 2002).The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and TraumaInvestigations on the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the development of post traumatic stress disorder have indicated that affected children have elevated basal amounts of cortisal, while the affected adults have reduced amounts. The reduced cortisol levels in adults who are suffering from chronic PSTD is thought to be cause by the down-regulation of the anterior pituitary corticotropin-releasing hormone binding sites following the increase in corticotropin-releasing hormone levels, in addition to the increased negative feedback suppression of cortisol amounts by the pituitary gland. The down regulation process is considered as an adaptation response against the chronically increased amounts of cortisol, which may cause neurotoxicity cells (Schnurr, Friedman, Bernardy, 2002). Other studies have hypothesized the decreased baseli ne cortisal amounts in adults to result from adrenal insufficiency and chronically reduced secretion of cortisal from the adrenal glands.This hypothesis is supported by findings that adults with post traumatic stress disorder show increased adrenocorticotropin hormonal response to corticotropin releasing factor than normal persons (Keanne, Marshall Taft, 2006). The observations that the baseline cortisal amounts are increased in children who have been exposed to traumatic situations have post traumatic disorder indicates different physiological impacts compared to adults, though similar studies have yielded tell results indicating the cortisal levels to be increased. The variations in baseline cortisol amounts among children may be related to factors such as developmental stage of the child during the trauma experience and the period of time that has passed since the trauma occurred (Wolfgang et al., 2012).It is generally suggested that corticotropin releasing hormone and cortisol amounts are increased acutely after exposure to trauma, while developmental effects of the traumatic experience result into reduced amounts of cortisol because of the consistently increased corticotropin releasing hormone and the raised hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis negative feedback mechanism (Keanne, Marshall Taft, 2006). Functional and structural changes in the brain due to traumatic stress A number of literatures continue to indicate that glucocorticoids have some effects on the hippocampus in individuals who are suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. Most of these studies have demonstrated a reduction of the hippocampus in adult individuals with PSTD. The atrophy of the hippocampus is also reported in various conditions characterized by excessive secretion of glucocorticoid, such as the Cushing syndrome and recurrent major depressive disorder.Further, it has also been demonstrated that the neurotoxic effects of glucocorticoid may be due to chronically increased levels of excitatory amino acids like glutamate (Sapolsky, 1996). Studies using magnetic resonance imaging have shown that adults previously exposed to trauma and who have developed post traumatic stress disorder have significantly decreased hippocampus volumes. Hippocampal atrophy has, however, not been observed in children suffering from this disorder. Instead, these children have, smaller intracranial, cerebral, and prefrontal cortex, prefrontal cortical white matter, right temporal lobe volumes, and smaller areas of the corpus callosum (Edsall, Karnik Steiner 2005, p. 114). These neurobiological observations are possibly caused by reduced cortical hemispheres communication because of memory impairment and dissociative disorders associated with PSTD (Sapolsky, 1996).The differences in brain structure between adults and children suffering from PSTD has been hypothesized to arise from co-occurrence of other disorders such as those associated with drug and alcohol abuse in adults. It is also suggested that stress response tend to gradual, thus the neurobiological changes develop over time. more brain structures, including the hippocampus are known to continue developing after birth. Studies have established that the hippocampus depicts increased formation of axons, dendrites, synapses and receptors, which become pruned after pubescence (Vieweg et al., 2006). Generally, these studies indicate that traumatic experiences during the early years of life cause progressive developmental impacts on the brain, hence implying that the development of post traumatic stress disorder, to some extent, is determined by the stage of neural development of a person (Sapolsky, 1996).It is also suggested that hippocampus atrophy may be a risk factor for the development of PSTD. This is based on comparison studies of twins who have post traumatic stress disorder exposed and those who did not have the disorder with other normal individuals. The study demonstrated that both the tw ins exposed to trauma and those not exposed had reduced hippocampi volumes as compared to the control group (Sapolsky, 1996). As regards to metabolous alterations in the brain of people with PSTD, various studies using positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques have been carried mostly in adults. These studies have indicated higher activities in the amygdale and anterior paralimbic areas, and reduced activity around the anterior cingulated and orbitofrontal sections in patients with PSTD (Havard Womens Health Watch, 2005).Assessment of Trauma and PSTDAssessment of trauma is the initial phase in the diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder. It involves assessing if a person has experienced a traumatic situation, and identifying the situations that the person has had exposure to. The event or situation has to be evaluated whether it is life threatening. This is a significant step since symptoms of the disorder like re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, arousal, and concentration difficulties need to be examined against particular events. PSTD is assessed through a cluster of three symptoms including re-experiencing, avoidance and arousal. Appearance of the symptoms should be determined, whether they started immediately following exposure to the trauma and whether the symptoms are progressively increasing (Robertson, Humphreys Ray, 2004).Diagnosis of PSTDDiagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder is based on certain set of criteria, which are six in number. The first criterion is the demonstration of the existence of a stressor. An individual must have been exposed to, experienced or threatened with a situation where death or physical harm was eminent or real. The second criterion is the existence of re-experiencing symptoms, whereby the affected individual persistently perceives imaginary threats witnessed or experienced before. This mostly occurs as flashbacks and the affected individual feels and behaves as if the tra uma is repeating. Re-experiencing may also come in form of distressing memories and nightmares, particularly when the person faced with situations related to the trauma. In some cases, the patients may present with physiological or psychological stress reactions such as full-blown panic attacks.The third criterion for diagnosis is the existence of avoidance and numbing symptoms (Robertson, Humphreys Ray, 2004). Individuals presenting with this disorder often try to escape trauma-related thoughts and actions and regularly present with reduced capabilities to engage in pleasure activities, difficulty in recalling some dimensions of the trauma, withdrawal from social activities, and detachment. The forth criterion includes observation of symptoms related to hyperarousal and hypervigilance. In this criterion, persons affected by post traumatic stress disorder may exhibit features such as lack of concentration, irritability, and disturbed sleep patterns.The fifth criterion is the demons tration that re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance of actions and thoughts related to trauma, withdrawal, and irritability, and lack of concentration, disturbed sleep patterns, and irritability symptoms have occurred persistently for more than one month. The last criterion is the demonstration that the combined symptoms impairs with the functional and social abilities of the affected individual, coupled with significant distress. Under this criterion, the existence of PSTD is ruled out if the patient presents with mild symptoms or when the person exhibits competent functional abilities (Wolfgang et al., 2012).Treatment of PSTDThe major treatment intervention measures for patients who have post traumatic stress disorder are, cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy and individual and group dynamic therapy (Wolfgang et al. 2012, p. 72).Cognitive-behavioral TherapyThis is the most effective form of treatment currently available for PSTD. The main approaches to cognitive-behavioral t herapy involve exposure therapy and anxiety management interventions. Exposure therapies mostly focus on the elimination of the strong effects caused by fear conditioning in people suffering from post traumatic stress disorder. These therapeutic approaches are based on the recognition that consistent exposure to perceived threats helps in decreasing the victims fear response to stimuli associated with trauma. Further, exposure therapy also helps in lessening the victims sympathetic nervous system and adrenergic hyperactivity triggered by trauma related stimuli (Wolfgang et al., 2012). perplexity management interventions are usually geared towards equipping the patient with skills that can help in decreasing anxiety.These strategies, therefore, involve training the patient on areas like relaxation, social skills, stress management, and cognitive restructuring among others. Cognitive restructuring is the most preferred training since it helps patients to be able to correct the impair ed appraisal mechanisms, thus lessening their tendency to perceive threats from unwarranted situations. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can be provided on individual basis or in a group. In group psychotherapy, the patients are given trainings through psychoeducation, exposure and cognitive processing (Vieweg et al., 2006).PharmacotherapyBased on the identified neurobiological abnormalities that accompany post traumatic stress disorder, pharmacotherapeutic interventions can help in the treatment of many associated symptoms such as anxiety, depression and insomnia. Pharmacotherapy is often essential before induction of the patient to other therapeutic approaches like cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy (Gibson, 2012). Many studies on the efficacy of antidepressants such as imipramine and fluoxetine have generated mixed results, often indicating that patients having severe and chronic PSTD show refractory responses towards these medications. Clinical trials on the effe ctiveness of anti-adrenergic drugs like propranolol and clonidine also yield promising results, indicating the possible benefits in treating this disorder (Wisco, Marx Keanne, 2012).Dynamic psychotherapyThis form of therapy involves encouraging the patient to make free fellowship of ideas and feelings, while allowing the psychotherapist to make interpretations of the implications of the associations. The psychotherapist also provides recommendations depending on the comprehension of the situations and the perceived causes of the symptoms. The main objective of this form of therapy is to unravel the exact nature of the patients psyche so as to help in managing the psychic tension (Wisco, Marx Keanne, 2012).This therapy approach, therefore, relies on the establishment of an interpersonal relationship between the patient and the psychotherapist.It can be applied in various contexts such as in individual psychotherapy, group psychotherapy, and family therapy among other areas. In dea ling with PSTD patients, the dynamic psychotherapy approach mostly targets the creation of a trustworthy and safe environment so as to enable the patient reveal the hidden traumatic experiences. Once the traumatic content has been obtained, focus shifts to analysis of the trauma in detail and examinations of the re-experiences together with the avoidance symptoms. Patients are finally guided to disengage from the perceived threat and make appropriate reconnections in their social life (Wisco, Marx Keanne, 2012).RecommendationsBecause of the increased rates of traumatic experiences in the world nowadays, prevalence of PSTD is anticipated to increase with time. It is imperative that more look be carried out to develop appropriate prevention and early intervention measures to curb the disorder (Keanne, Marshall Taft, 2006). These measures should be based on the already established risk factors for the disorder and should mainly target individuals exhibiting acute stress symptoms so that early cognitive-behavioral interventions are given. It is also important that further research be carried out on the neurobiological aspect of posttraumatic stress disorder, particularly in children (Rosen, 2004). These studies will provide more information regarding functional and structural alterations in the brain associated with this disorder to enable designing of appropriate diagnosis tools.ConclusionPost traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder presumed to be caused by traumatic experiences. However, many individuals exposed to traumatic events do not develop the disorder. In addition, the prevalence of the disorder in people who have been traumatized is low, thus indicating the existence of other certain risk factors that predispose some individuals to develop the disorder. Intensive studies have helped in creating more understanding of the function of the risk factors in the development of the disorder, and subsequent development of treatment approaches. Despit e various interventions such as CBT and pharmacotherapy aiding in management of PSTD, there is need to conduct more studies to establish measures that can be used as early interventions and proper diagnostic tools for PSTD.ReferencesEdsall, S., Karnik, N. Steiner, H. (2005). Childhood trauma. In, Clinical child psychiatry, 2nd ed, Eds. Klykylo, W. and Kay, J. London basin Wiley sons. Fletcher, K. (1996). Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder. New York, NY Guildford Publications Inc. Fletcher, S., Creamer, M. Forbes, D. (2010). Preventing post traumatic stress disorder Are drugs the answer? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44, 1064-1071. Ford, J. D. (2009). Post traumatic stress disorder Science and practice. New York, NY Academic Press. Fullerton, C. S. Ursano, R. J. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder Acute and long-term responses to trauma and disaster. Washington DC American Psychiatric Press. Gibson, C. (2012). 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