Duke Ellington: the Music, Politics, and His Story Essay

Duke Ellington was a musical and political genius; he was â€Å"America’s only original musical mind. † He was not only a performer, but a composer. He learned the craft of composing by observing others instead of disciplined study. One important factor of Ellington’s music was its relation to black heritage and African American history. His symphony â€Å"Black, Brown, and Beige† displayed the African American struggle in America. Not only did Ellington use his music to portray the struggle, voice, and triumph of black Americans, he used his professionalism, originality, persuasiveness, and political performances. Edward Kennedy Ellington was born in 1899 and composed, arranged, and performed music for the majority of his life. Ellington was born and raised in a middle-class family in Washington D. C. , and that is where he first acquired his racial beliefs. During his grade school years, an emphasis of identity, pride, and history was instilled in the minds of him and his classmates. He was taught to command respect, not demand it. This meant that he was to act and speak in a respectable manner if he expected to be respected. He first began taking piano lessons at the age of seven but did not have particular interest in the trade at that time. In high school, he became interested in ragtime music. Also in his high school years, he acquired the nickname â€Å"Duke† because of his exotic choice of attire, and today, many believe that is his actual name. At age sixteen, Ellington was inspired by a â€Å"hot† pianist and decided that he wanted to be able to play like that. His knowledge of music was predominantly learned by ear, although he eventually learned to read music and took harmony lessons. Although he did have some music lessons, most of his musical mastery was self-taught by experimentation. Ellington became a professional pianist by the remarkable age of seventeen. Music was not his only artistic interest; he also excelled at visual arts. He was awarded an art scholarship to the Pratt Institute, but he preferred to play gigs instead. Duke eventually started a band of his own, originally containing only four players other than him. As the band expanded, he used the new members as resources to create a better product. Ellington and his band began a six-month residency at the New York Hurricane restaurant. There, he accompanied floor shows until he became the featured artist and broadcasted on the radio. In 1927 after the residency, he and his orchestra known as the Washingtonians moved to the Cotton Club in Harlem. He and his band were said to have â€Å"put the Cotton Club on the map†. While at the Cotton Club, his music was often referred to as â€Å"jungle music† due to his band’s trademark use of plunger mutes to create growling sounds. Often while his orchestra played, there would also be a skit being performed that was nearly primitive. At the Cotton Club, the families of African American performers had to sit in a separate section of the audience. Although Ellington was upset by this, he continued to perform at the Cotton Club because it was his opportunity to enhance his career and popularity. Duke always made sure that he and his band were dressed and behaved as gentleman in order to represent African American pride, beauty, and artistry. Unlike other African American artists of the time, Ellington’s compositions were used for the sake of listening purposes, in comparison to just background music. Silence was demanded. People who broke the silence were given a warning and then asked to leave if they disregarded that warning. This was the first time an African American band was regularly broadcasted nationally. As Duke’s music gained popularity, this became many white Americans’ first encounter with African American music. A radio popularity poll concurred: â€Å"They are heartily admired by the white as the colored people. † One of Ellington’s most prominent composing techniques was that he composed parts for the particular individual in the band rather than the different instruments. When he wrote a composition, he did so with the characteristic sound of the soloist in mind. An example of a musician with a distinctive sound is Johnny Hodges. Johnny Hodges was a member of Duke’s orchestra who had â€Å"complete independence of expression†, Ellington said. Ellington also stated that Hodges was the only man he knew who could pick up a cold horn and still play in tune. The specific sound of the individual was so important to a piece that if a member was to leave, the composition would almost always be omitted. Solos were atypically transferred to another musician. When Ellington composed pieces, he only had his own band in mind. This is why his orchestra’s sound cannot be imitated without sounding watered down. The unique style and tone qualities of the individuals made the orchestra nearly impossible to replicate. One thing that was often misunderstood about Ellington’s career was that he had two of them: bandleader and composer. He was famous for recording his own compositions as well as endorsements. He often composed music all through the night, and it has been said that he never went a day without composing something, whether it be a couple lines of a song or an entire piece. He would write music whenever and wherever he had the time to do it. Once, he even had to write a piece by the light of his band manager consecutively lighting matches. Ellington believed that music allowed him to express himself without reservation. Music, unlike words, provided Ellington with a way to express himself in a less controversial manner. It was a non-confrontational approach to expressing his beliefs to the world. In his compositions, he rarely wrote articulations, dynamics, or tempos. He expected the section leaders to decide the style indications. It is commonly know that Duke had finesse for placing an emphasis on colors in his compositions. The colors he used in the titles of his pieces often symbolized racial issues. He did a lot of experimenting with tone and color. Most of his music was instrumental and few incorporated lyrics. Some say his music is reminiscent of Bach. He mostly wrote short compositions with improvised solos, but when he did compose larger arrangements, they were often criticized for having a lack of inner coherence. He used the element of surprise instead of chorus succession to unify the arrangements. Ellington relied on sudden contrasts in theme, tempo, and key. He would also interchange swinging and non-swinging melodies. Some critics argued that his music should be danceable all of the time. Ellington clearly disagreed. Ellington’s compositions differed from other artists’ of his time because he employed a variety of instruments. Not only did he integrate a reed section, brass section, and rhythm section; he featured a valve trombone, a saxophone trio, and a baritone saxophonist who unusually played high notes. The reed section often provided the melody rather than the typical brass section. Ellington would apply asymmetrical themes such as parallel saxophone parts and improvised piano parts. He eventually stopped referring to his music as jazz. He called it â€Å"freedom of expression†. Ellington wanted to express the struggle of the Negro in his music, â€Å"We put the Negro feeling and spirit in our music. † Although his message was very serious, his music generally uplifted and entertained audiences around the world. When Ellington wrote compositions, he allocated certain measures for improvised solos. While it may seem that all of the solos in Ellington’s pieces are improvised, he actually composed the solos to seem as if they were improvised. This became known as â€Å"preconceived improvisation†. Only minor improvisations were allowed during the solos. In 1940, Ellington reached the peak of his compositional career. African American media deemed Duke Ellington the â€Å"race man† because he changed the image of African Americans in mass media. He was the first African American artist taken seriously without stereotypes. His music described the life of black Americans. He exuded his love of Harlem through is compositions. He used color in his music to radiate his appreciation and understanding of African Americans. His early arrangements represented the struggle of blacks during the Great Depression. Ellington was a strong believer that music could undermine the labels associated with how African Americans dressed and acted. His concern with blacks being portrayed as primitive encouraged him to strive to create a new identity for blacks in America through music. Ellington learned at a young age that a positive demeanor was crucial in order to earn respect. Since he was taught this so early, he always tried to be professional and as efficient as possible. He spoke of the significance of having a dignified stature and level of sophistication. Through radio, sound recordings, sheet music, advertising, and stagecraft; Ellington changed people’s conceptions of race and culture. In his advertising techniques, he focused on creating an image of desegregation. Black and white entertainers began to share advertising space, which was one step toward African American equality. His overall goal was to conquer racial and cultural stereotypes in and out of the media. He was forced to break through the barriers of the Eurocentric idea that African American music was not a form of art. He stopped using minstrel stereotypes that he had previously used at the Cotton Club. By the 1930s, he had differentiated many stereotypes from reality. It was important to Ellington that his marketing approach attracted all races and classes. He eliminated some prejudice by proving that music has no race. He always made sure to articulate the achievements, history, and value or African American culture. He trusted that the most efficient manner to protest was to â€Å"live and create in a way that undermined racial barriers and stereotypes†. Ellington, contrasting from many other African American artists, succeeded without using the white-dominated recording style. He was actually playing African American music and his pieces were on the record charts. Normally African American traveling performers struggled while on the road. Hotels and restaurants would not allow them. They would be physically and verbally attacked which often led to alcoholism. When Duke traveled in the South, he also brought two Pullman cars, a baggage car, lighting equipment, a stage, and an electrician. These assets made for a more secure trip. Ellington received the high honor of the Spingarn Medal which was the highest achievement for the American Negro. During his acceptance speech, he stated that he makes music for freedom. He later joined the Emergency Committee of the Entertainment Industry. This committee was opposed to race riots and poor treatment of minorities. This group advertised on stage, screen, and radio. In 1929, he played at a benefit performance. The proceeds when to the memorial fund for Home for Negro Performers. Another political act he did was assisting Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. by performing during the Montgomery Bus Boycott to raise funds for the Montgomery Improvement Association. Duke was described as a â€Å"symbol of power of multiracial appeal, the artistry and respect that African Americans could achieve, the money that could be made from the neglected African American market, and the possibility of a comfortable and mutually profitable meeting point for African Americans and whites. † This quote explains how the integration of blacks and whites could be beneficial to society as a whole. When Ellington traveled internationally, he came to realize that jazz music was more popular outside of the United States of America than inside. His overall goal of disproving African American stereotypes was a world project, not just a national project. He and his orchestra became the first jazz band to perform at Carnegie Hall when they premiered â€Å"Black, Brown, and Beige†. Ellington’s success created a new market for African American musicians. One of the first mixed race performances was â€Å"Cotton Club Medley† by Ellington. At this point in time, African American music had become a popular music genre. Racial lines were crossed within music advertising. White and black performers were featured on entertainment ads. Not only had Ellington become the most written about celebrity in this phase of time, his earnings were in the five figures. At the age of sixty, Ellington composed and recorded a song with John Coltrane and Charles Mingus for a motion picture. In the 1960s, he was considered the best known musician and composer in the world. In 1964, he composed a piece to defend the termination of segregation and discrimination entitled â€Å"Non-violent Integration†. Listening to the music of Duke Ellington began to symbolize looking at African Americans in a new light. Ellington’s final works submitted his vision of music, peace, brotherhood, and love. Ellington said, â€Å"The Negro is not merely a singing and dancing wizard but a loyal American in spite of his social position. I want to tell America how the Negro feels about it. † When he stated this, he denoted that black people were more than just a device for entertainment purposes; they were American citizens. One of Duke Ellington’s longest and influential pieces was â€Å"Black, Brown and Beige†, which was composed and performed in 1943. Ellington described this work as â€Å"a tone parallel to the history of the American Negro. † This composition was established to portray the history of the Negro from Africa to the present. The title â€Å"Black, Brown and Beige† symbolized the different skin tones of African Americans. Each color in the title also represented a different movement of the composition. When composing this work, Ellington incorporated music from the opera â€Å"Boola† and transformed it into a tone poem. He did not finish editing the arrangement until the day of his Carnegie Hall performance. This explains that Duke believed a piece could be altered numerous times in order to create a great product. Ellington and his orchestra premiered the full symphony, â€Å"Black, Brown and Beige† at Carnegie Hall in 1943. Five days later, they performed once again, only this time at Boston’s Symphony Hall. These two performances became the only full performances of â€Å"Black, Brown and Beige† for many years to come. Duke decided to only play excerpts from the piece in the future. The six most popular excerpts were â€Å"Work Song†, â€Å"Come Sunday†, â€Å"The Blues†, â€Å"West Indian Dance†, â€Å"Emancipation Celebration†, and â€Å"Sugar Hill Penthouse†. The premiere of the piece was deemed confusing and disappointing by critics. People who were not accustomed to Ellington’s musical style were also perplexed by â€Å"Black, Brown and Beige†. Ellington and his band began performing sections of â€Å"Black† and â€Å"Brown†, but rarely performed sections of â€Å"Beige† until 1965. He refused to play â€Å"Brown† in its entirety because he claimed that people did not understand the important story behind it. Ellington often spoke of his message prior to performing a piece, also called programming. His first biographer, Ulanov, said that â€Å"Black, Brown and Beige† was â€Å"more successful without programming†. Ulanov also stated that people â€Å"didn’t need to know about the American Negro to understand the music. † The first movement of â€Å"Black, Brown and Beige†, â€Å"Black† was worked at the most thoroughly of the movements. The first movement interpreted the sorrows and joys of the Negro when brought to America from Africa through work songs and spirituals. According the Ellington, the second movement, â€Å"Brown†, represented the recurring hopes and disappointments of blacks in America. It also symbolized the pain suffered through whippings, the bravery of the African Americans who attempted and/or succeeded at escaping, and the triumph of their emancipation. The last movement, â€Å"Beige†, was said to be a â€Å"vague and unfinished working of ideas†. Originally, the finale of â€Å"Black, Brown and Beige† consisted of the lyrics, â€Å"We’re Black, Brown, and Beige, but we’re red, white, and blue. † Although Ellington was advised to remove the line from the performance completely, he simply omitted it from the finale and instead, announced it in his programming prior to the final movement. This line was evidently very significant to Duke Ellington. It represented the point that although African Americans were different shades than white people, they were still Americans and deserved equal rights. â€Å"Black, Brown and Beige† was performed in segments for a few decades. The version recorded in 1958 was criticized because it was believed to have expanded the flaws of the original premiere at Carnegie Hall. During the 1958 recording, there were only four other musicians, excluding Ellington, remaining from the original orchestra that performed in 1943. These musicians were Ray Nance, Lawrence Brown, Johnny Hodges, and Harry Carney. Ellington took another large step toward presenting the African American struggle when he and his orchestra performed â€Å"Black† at the Festival of the American Arts in 1965. The audience included approximately four hundred members including President Lyndon B. Johnson.

How engineers change the world Essay

From all the time, technology has been the main key that helped the development of industrialization and civilization of the world. During this process, scientists have made a great contribution. However, engineers were the ones that put all the theories into reality such that they could actually benefit the society. Besides the development of economics, massive education, peace and freedom of religion are important symbols of civilization. And engineers have contributed to the society’s needs for that. Engineers from different fields cooperate to solve all the technical problems met during the process of satisfying the society’s needs for education. They work together to build comfortable environments for students to learn. Meanwhile they also consider about the safety, cost and practicality. Civil engineers design and construct schools, colleges and universities such that citizens have places to accept different levels of education. In order to let students have a better understanding of knowledge, mechanical and electronics engineers help with the multi-media devices such as projectors and computers so that professors can use PowerPoint and other software. Electrical engineers help with electricity such that students can learn at night. Hydraulic engineers make sure that the water supply is sufficient and sustainable for all students of schools. Without engineers, massive education would not be possible all over the world. Not only education, but Peace within and across communities also depends on engineers. Within the community, engineers produce weapons such as guns, so that police can stop criminals and keep the society secure and peaceful. Across communities, engineers develop defense systems for their countries to resist and more importantly prevent the invasion from other communities or countries. The most famous example is the America space protection system built by NASA. This system is able to monitor the US territorial air space, detect any unidentified objects and destroy them if needed, no matter aircrafts or meteors. Such defense systems actually can warn whoever wants to invade the country to stay within the line and such that the peace of the country can be achieved. Without weapons and defense systems, the country  will be vulnerable and there will be no peace.

The Bermuda Triangle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Bermuda Triangle - Essay Example The essay "The Bermuda Triangle" talks about the Bermuda Triangle, an area of the Atlantic Ocean, which has a mythical value as it is associated with the inexplicable disappearance of numerous vessels such as ships and airplanes passing through or over the area. The name emanates from the fact that the area is marked by a triangularly shaped border which connects Bermuda to Miami and then to San Juan back to Bermuda. It is believed that this section of the ocean is always busy with traffic, with commercial ships sailing through to places such as Europe, Caribbean and other ports in America while tourists fly over from Florida to Bermuda and other Islands in the vicinity and back using light airplanes. This section of the ocean is said to have numerous cases of strong currents, storms, and hurricanes during certain times of the year and this has been termed as the real reason as to why notable disappearances of vessels have occurred especially before the advancement in communication t echnologies, which are important in acquiring real-time information on the whereabouts of vessels cruising through the ocean or flying through the air. However, this has not helped much in changing the mythical identity of Bermuda triangle. The earliest allegation in this area was in 1950 by one Edward Winkle, who reported that there were mysterious disappearances, which could not be explained inhumanly possible terms. The disappearance of a Navy aircraft, Flight 19, in 1945 is cited as one of the most important historical events.

Control room, summary Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Control room, summary - Movie Review Example The movie begins with a western music which signifies that when two different cultured music can co exist in movies, then both the societies can live together in harmony. When the war begins, the film is taken in the place where all the major news sources work out like CNN, Fox etc. The movie initially begins in an orthodox way at the headquarters in Qatar which shows Muslim men with their headgear watching the television monitor where President Bush gives final warnings to Saddam Hussein for a war which gives us the perfect images of the Arabian culture. The movie features many staff from Al Jazeera but the two most compelling staff is Samir Khader, the general manager running al Jazeera, and Hassan Ibrahim, a reporter for al Jazeera.  This image of Arabian culture begins to crumble when Hassan Ibrahim tells that he has tremendous faith in the American institution. Blood, images of Dead bodies, wounded people and bullets everywhere is one of the different perspectives of war which Control room brings to the viewers. Such images are usually not present in a documentary and encourage negative thoughts in the viewers. Wars are always a negative effect on the people. Showing live images of dead people depicts negative images of the countries to the viewers. It has also been termed as the â€Å"Osama bin laden’s mouthpiece†. However though, Al Jazeera does not show all the information. It does not report and focus on the dead American civilians or American coffins. However, it is not just Al Jazeera broadcasting one type of images, Fox news also display one sided images. Control room tells us how difficult it is to provide unbiased images when working in media. Everyone wants their nation to win in moral values and that is what the news networks broadcast. This is one place where the movie gives a bad impression of how wars are covere d by the media. War is hell and media plays a major role in the success or loss of that war. Since people sitting at home can

Intelligence Collection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intelligence Collection - Essay Example These vessels leave behind traces of chemicals while moving which are detected by sampling (chapter 11, page 238). 2. Materials acquisition refers to gathering a piece of component or equipment, such as a vehicle, an integrated circuit chip, radar or a missile. Two purposes of the process are reverse engineer a component and performance analysis of the equipment. During their glory days, the Soviets used to be excellent at concealed materiel acquisition. At a certain time they dealt with acquiring a latest IBM machine before it was formally launched in the market; but, the consequence was less than pleasing for the Soviets since none of the maintenance or sales staff of the firm they contacted afterward, didn’t know how to operate it (chapter 11, page 246). 3. Each nuclear detonation leaves evidences in the atmosphere. Nuclear forensic department presently implements 2 kind of collection. One is directed towards testing nuclear arms and evaluating its performance and depends on ground or aircraft sites to gather air samples. Another one is meant for detecting the movement or production of materials used in nuclear weapons and depends principally on gathering material samples near or in an anticipated milieu. The final kind of collection is promising but luckily has yet to be implemented: acquiring samples of the remains after a nuclear combat for the rationale of finding out the source of the device applied (chapter 11, page 240). Fingerprints are considered as principal biometric method, as it is evident that no 2 fingerprints are accurately same. Today, fingerprint readers have become widely available and inexpensive. Voice imitation that seems like a correct match to the individual ear would, rather, have a considerably diverse voice print. A sample of DNA can be studied to recognize either a DNA profile or a DNA fingerprint. Retinal scanning assesses the structure of blood vessels at the backside of the eyeball. Iris scans studies

Media, Culture & Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media, Culture & Identity - Essay Example People’s sense of social class, ethnicity, nationality and social identity is being constructed by the visual, auditory and symbolic material provided by the media (Kellner 1995, p.1). People’s identities are shaped by the images and information provided in the media. Hence, people’s opinion about people belonging to other countries, communities and religion is highly influenced by the images and information they see about those people on television and in movies. When people are repeatedly exposed to a particular idea through visual or auditory medium, they start believing in it as a ‘truth’. Hence, influencing people’s opinion and ideas by repeatedly exposing them to visual and auditory material of that idea has become a favourite weapon of the media. In the age of the media culture, where people’s identities are shaped by media images, when a certain community or religion is repeatedly portrayed as a threat to the peace of the world, it not only harms the image of that community but also generates a feeling of hatred, prejudice and anger towards that community. The community that is suffering from the harmful effects of the media culture is the community of Muslim people. People belonging to Islamic religion are facing hatred and misunderstanding in the Western countries because of the constant negative publicity in the Western media. It is this bias treatment of the Islamic community by the Western media that led Edward Said to develop the theory of ‘Orientalism’. Orientalism is a theory by Edward Said which proposes that the Eastern countries are highly misrepresented and misunderstood in the Western countries as the Western people are constantly getting exposed to the manipulated images and fabricated ‘news’ of the Oriental people through the Western media (Said n.d.) Edward Said, in his theory of ‘orientalism’, argues that the Western thinking about

International Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

International Accounting - Essay Example The objectives of this standard are to give a framework on how to incorporate foreign currency transactions and foreign operations or subsidiaries in the financial statement of the parent company. It also shows how to translate financial statement into presentation currency. The most critical thing in this concept is to determine which exchange rate or rates to use and how to account for the exchange difference in the financial statement. The standard requires the entire initial foreign transaction to be recorded on the bases of the prevailing exchange rate, however, it recognizes the use of average exchange rate to numerous transactions occurring during the year (Doupnik & Perera, 2011). The basis for translation can either be current method or temporal method. Temporal method uses the exchange rate that prevailed when the asset and liabilities were acquired. If the assets are based on historical cost the correct exchange rate to use is also historical. Consequently if liabilities a nd assets are based on current cost the rate to use is also the current one. ... Companies listed in Australia stock exchange reflect the present performance thus, they are the most suitable to influence decision making by stakeholders. With application of IAS 21 it is possible to compare company performance in the two stock exchanges. Companies of the same size in Europe are more profitable than Australian companies simply because exchange rate in ? is higher than â‚ ¬. With financial exchange translation there is either again or a loss in the exchange difference. This component is treated as component of finances in the statement of financial position. Works Cited Books, LLC. (2010). International Accounting Standards:International Financial Reporting Standards, International Public Sector Accounting Standards. Memphis, : Books LLC. Choi, F., & Meek, G. K. (2010). International Accounting. New York: PRENTICE HALL. Doupnik, T., & Perera, H. (2011). International Accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.,. Melville, A. (2009). International Financial Re porting. New York: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Previts, G. (2008). Research in Accounting Regulation, Volume 20. Oxford:

The death penalty should be administered for particularly heinous Research Paper

The death penalty should be administered for particularly heinous crimes - Research Paper Example hment, most people are afraid of death that is inflicted by the law; hence, what is most fearful is likely to deter most criminals into engaging in heinous crimes. According to Hess and Drowns in their book wrote that death penalty is a better deterrent to violent youths (330). Administering death penalty will be effective in deterring murderers who might otherwise not been deterred through any other means when they friend face this punishment. This is because most of these murderers when given life sentence in place of death penalty, they continue committing crimes in prison, such as murdering other prisoners or even prison wards; therefore, death sentence is the only punishment that can be used to prevent such criminals from committing crimes. Otherwise, they will not be discouraged into committing heinous crimes through any other means, and again because both convicted prisoners and prison warders deserve protection from these criminals. In addition, it is important to enforce death penalty as a form of retribution even though death penalty does not prove to stop murderers from continuing the practice due to the threat of life imprisonment. On the contrary, the finality of death penalty creates fear amongst criminals and sparing the life of prospective victims by deterring those who murdered them, is of more importance than preserving the life of a convicted murderer because of the possibility that executing them will not necessarily deter other murderers. Therefore, in addition, to using death penalty to prevent crime, it is not imposed for the main purpose of reattributing crimes, for instance, in case of murder it is unjust for the criminal to live. Putting threats and punishment is a necessity in the deterrence since it a one justification for violent crimes. Therefore, a criminal who commits heinous crime volunteers to assume the risks involved; hence, the punishment suffered is voluntarily risked and it is unj ust to the criminal not to be convicted and

Benetton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benetton - Essay Example Benetton started out on a shoestring budget. Although the first retail shop was a success, the lack of funds prevented the family from expanding. The problem was solved by appointing agents in territories to promote the Benetton products by approaching shop owners or individuals interested in opening up retail stores to buy and sell the company products. For their service, agents were paid "4 % of the value of goods shipped from the Benetton's warehouse complex in Italy." Initially, Benetton's chains of retailing clothing stores were restricted to only certain areas in Italy catering to the younger generation. As the family business grew, so did the expansion of its operations into new markets, which enabled the company to reach a wider clientele. Benetton was no longer only confined to merely "making and selling sweaters." The company began in the "manufacturing and distribution of clothing constructed from wool, cotton and other fabrics; undergarments; shoes; cosmetics; accessories ; eye wear; auto accessories; and sports equipment." The success of Benetton can be attributed to the family's strategic business plan, which they initiated from the very beginning and continued to follow for the next 3 decades. One of the strategy's used was to attract investors to partner with Benetton's "on a 50/50 ownership basis and maximum latitude given to (and minimum structured imposed) on partners. Interested parties had to have an investment of $70,000 "(to buy fixtures for a 600- to 1000- square foot shop) and the right attitude to become a Benetton shop owner." Through the years the business evolved into an entrepreneurial culture. When the Benetton family signed up new stores, they didn't have the time or patience for formal agreements, instead they started with handshake agreements. The Benetton's didn't have time to oversee every detail of the retail stores, and gave the stores the freedom to make its own choices. Even in business partnerships, the agreements were often handshake deals and structures to give the partner as much flexibility as possible.Employees continued to work with minimal supervision and were given the freedom to "do the right thing". Unlike a traditional franchise where the franchiser dictates every detail about the business, Benetton stores were refereed to a licensee, and were given many freedoms that normal franchisee are not given 2) Is Benetton a global operation Benetton became one of the dominant forces in the international apparel retailing industry through its global operations. The company's success in the international market can be attributed to the "stage-five process." The stage-five process was created with the sole purpose of testing " the market potential and the ability of partners, agents and licensees to adopt the company's model before investing large sums of management time or capital." The Benetton family relied heavily on the stage five-process, to determine how effective and successful their business would be in a new market prior to entering it. The stage-five process can be defined as: 1) Appointing a Benetton agent in a "foreign country"

Does it matter whether or not firms pay dividends Why Essay - 1

Does it matter whether or not firms pay dividends Why - Essay Example Therefore, managers should make dividend payouts very consciously regarding the increase of dividend payouts. If they make any wrong decision regarding revised dividend payout, then they have to cancel the increase in dividend in a special announcement to the shareholders. This is substantial impact of change in dividend payout in stock price of companies as well as perceived value and goodwill of a firm. This is one of the most important and debated topic of behavioural finance. Dividend payout also signals the confidence of the companies, which directly affect the stock price. But the main fact that needs to be analysed is that whether dividend payment matters to the companies or not. This topic receives ample of arguments from investors, financial analysts etc. Three different types of views have been found over the argument on this topic. People, who are on the right site of this argument, claim that higher dividend payout generally makes the shareholders and investors better off . At the same time the people who are on the left side on this argument, believe that higher dividend payout may reduce the firm value in future. The people in the middle of the road of this argument say that change in dividend policy does not affect the firm’s value (Brealey, Myers and Allen, 2011, p.35). Irrelevance of dividend policy This topic of whether dividend payment matters the firms had sparked much debate by the financial analysts and the investors. Some individual investors argued that there is no positive or negative relationship between dividend payment and firm’s value. One of the most important theories related to this financial argument was Miller and Modigliani theory which is referred as MM theory of dividend signalling. These two researchers had published their... According to the MM hypothesis, market value of a company determines the market value of assets that the company has and cash flow of the company. Therefore, if total payout increases then shareholders have to fill up gap and generally it can be made up by issuing new shares. However, if the company wants to unchanged the dividend payout then dividend payout will decrease as no of issued share increases. Therefore, the shareholders can repurchase shares to get the same money back as dividend. In this way, it can be said that increasing dividend payment may reduce shareholders’ gain. Before the publication of MM theories, people who are in the right side of this argument believed that higher dividend leads to increase in firm value as well as shareholders’ payoffs. These people prefer to invest only those companies that pay higher dividend because they think there are some natural calamities in the stocks of higher dividend payouts. Shareholders are more cautious in thei r investments and they generally prefer profitable as well as safe investment in terms of the large multinational companies.

Of Mice And Men Creative Writing Essay Example for Free

Of Mice And Men Creative Writing Essay The early morning dew on the grass sparkled in the sunlight as it rose from behind the Gabilian mountains. The town of weed was silent, desolate and all you could hear was the flow of the river which was gushing in between the fresh green willows of the Salinas River. The mist was so fine all you could see was the top of the Gabilian Mountains. On the other side of the Salinas River slight dew glistened on the grass, of which there were branches overhanging the green murky pool. On the sandy bank there lay beneath the trees of which had leaves that were brittle from the sunlight. They would make a scurrying noise when the leaves are walked over. Rabbits leap and bound out from their warrens, full of energy from their sleep, going to sit on the golden sand. As the morning became brighter and more alive the wildlife came to arose from the dark to start a fresh new day. There was a vivid path of some sort that went through plants and trees, a path that had been disturbed by boys, men, heavily walking on it coming down from a hard grafts work in the ranches, heading towards the deep pool for a refreshing dip. From another direction there were two shadows of a of a relatively little sized person and a comparatively big in size person. From the shadow of the comparatively big in size person it was very tall and very strongly built and the shadow of the relatively little sized person look less strong and built. The leader of the two men looked as if he was the brain and boss of the large man. He looked like a father figure. Due to the town f weed being deserted the voices of these two men got louder as the came closer to the town of weed. The larger men of the two look as if he was tired and fed up because he was dragging his feet across the path. It looked as if it was an effort carry the weight of the larger man. Sweat was pouring off of him and as they got closer you could here him sighing and saying Are we here yet. For Christ sake I have already told you Lennie that we have got a mile to go yet. Stop moaning, walked quicker and we will get there in no time at all! George said very crossly. Why George is it taking so long. Where are we going George? I am thirsty and hot George. Lennie! How many times will I have to say this we are going to Murray and Readys to get our work cards so they can give us some work? I cant believe you forgot already! I only told you like 15 minutes ago! George looked at Lennie as if he was a little child who couldnt remember anything. George looked at him with disgust. George, George, I am sorry, I really am sorry George. Lennie just shut up and dont forget it again. I am not going to say it again. For a little while there was silence. All you could hear was the rustling of the sand and dust from the path. Then George said come on its not long now, we will be here soon. As George and Lennie walked the final part to get to the ranch George told Lennie about his plans for them both to work on the ranch for a little while and collect some money and then get a place of their own with rabbit and chickens and other stuff. But George also told Lennie that he had to be on his best behaviour as they wanted work otherwise he wouldnt get to tent the rabbits. Right Lennie we are here now. Now you wait out side here and dont move while I get the work cards. Ok George I wont move till you come back. Yeah and be good for gods sake we dont want the boss to find out what a crazy bastard you are sometimes do we. Said George. Whilst George was getting the work cards Lennie was sitting down waiting for him. Lennie started to get bored, so his eyes started to wonder the soundings around him. In the corner of his eye he saw something with looked soft, red dress. It was a young girl with her father. She had rosy cheeks and a friendly smile, and luscious red dress. Lennie thought about what George had said for a second, then looked over at the young girl as she walked and sat next to him. Lennie then decided despite what George had told him, to talk to her and say hello. Lennie took at her and saw red dress and could not bear touching it. The dress looked so velvety and so soft. As he touched the dress he startled her, and so she screamed, but he couldnt let go because it was so silky but the harder he clenched his fists the more he pulled it and the angrier Lennie got, as she tried to get away. As the girl was screaming so loud the father heard and came out but before he had chance to see Lennie, Lennie ran off. George instantly knew that Lennie had done something wrong, so he went in search of Lennie. You crazy basted what you go and do that for. It was all going well until you done that! said George. George, George I am sorry, I really am. I tried not to touch. I did George. Lennie said frightfully as he realised George was very irate with him. George looked at Lennie with anxiety as they ran from the town off Weed. They headed for the forest to make sure anyone that was searching for them wouldnt find them. Bloody hell Lennie I knew that you couldnt go without getting into trouble. Five minutes I left you for, five bloody minutes. What the hell am I going to do with you? George I couldnt help it, you know I couldnt it just looked.. JUST STOP THERE LENNIE! Its all ways sorry George, I didnt mean too. Well now you can sort it out I dont care! Lennie looked at George with disappointment, but knew that he had done wrong. All Lennie could reply with was I am sorry George, I forgot. From that point, on there was little sound all the way to the ranch. They walked for miles and miles on end on a long, boring and dusty road. There was not one mutter of a word.

Selection Strategies for Clapton Commercial Construction Essay Example for Free

Selection Strategies for Clapton Commercial Construction Essay Summary Atwood Allen Consulting has been retained by Clapton Commercial Construction (CCC) to assist them with their expansion into the Arizona market. We are in the final stages of assisting them with their transition, and the final step is to discuss recruitment and selection strategies for the expansion. We will provide details on how to proceed with recruitment and selection of employees to find the best candidates for their organization. Meticulous consideration and planning of staffing requirements, and the steps involved to find the ideal candidate with the right skill set is one of the most important jobs to perform. Cascio (2013) states that the first step in recruitment and selection is managing the candidate applications and creating a talent pool of potential participants that may be qualified for the position. The following steps include the initial screening, interviewing, selection process, and candidate placement. Organizational Goals CCC is currently based in Detroit and employs 650 individuals. With their planned expansion into the Arizona market, they expect to add 130 employees. Their projected annual revenue is 10 million, with a -3% growth predicted for 2016. They currently have a 20% turnover rate that they foresee will remain unchanged in the next year when they move into Arizona. Recruitment and selection will need to be aligned with the company’s organizational goals. Carefully planned goals provide a blueprint for an organization and keep it going the right direction. Griffin (2015) states that organizational goals assist organizations with evaluating and organizing performance. The functions they serve are: 1) give direction and guidance 2) facilitate planning 3) motivate staff 4) assist organizations with evaluating and organizing performance. CCC should choose individuals who share the similar values and beliefs to help them achieve  their organizational goals. Values are qualities and traits that an individual holds close and represents that persons driving force (Heathfield, 2015). Develop a mission statement of what Clapton Commercial Construction does and why it exists. Each employee should be able to address the mission statement verbally. The commitment to quality workmanship, customer satisfaction, and on-time completion of projects should all be included when developing the mission statement. This mission statement will be critical for your organization to be successful as you move into a new market. You need to brand yourself and let the market know you stand for quality and customer service. Demographic Changes According to The Associate General Contractors of America, Arizona lost more construction jobs than any other state in the nation in 2014 and the only state in the West to lose jobs. Experts warn that the declining numbers could be the states new average. It was reported that between December of 2013 and December 2014, Arizona lost 4,300 construction jobs. This number converts to a 3.4 percent job loss overall in construction (Fishler, 2015). According to Minter (2015) the construction trade is still hovering at the ground level of the 2008 recession. Following a recession a construction market usually does well, however, Arizona has not recovered and is operating at approximately half of the strength it was prior to the recession. The demand for housing is sluggish now because it was overbuilt prior to the recession, and the population growth has not been as strong. Because of this there is a high vacancy rate and no demand for new construction. However, the latest population estimates out by the States Office of Employment and Population Statistics, and the U.S. Census Bureau forecasts growth ahead. Future growth will eventually convert to an increase in construction workers (Hansen, 2015). Workforce Diversity â€Å"Diversity should be linked to every business strategy† including recruitment, employee selection and placement, reward structure, succession planning, and performance evaluation (Cascio, 2013 p. 160). There are several selection methods to choose from when looking to hire new employees. Let’s explore these one can see how they may affect decisions to hire. First, there is passive non-discrimination, this method treats all sexes and  races equally in regards to hiring practices. There is no attempt to recruit minority applicants actively. This method does not observe the history of discriminatory practices and may block candidates from seeking job opportunities. Second, pure diversity-based recruitment, this is a planned effort by the organization to expand the pool of candidates so that no one is ruled out based on past or present discrimination. And lastly, diversity based recruitment with preferential hiring. This method of selection goes one step further than pure-diversity based recruitment and favors ethnic minorities and women for hiring and promotions. This process is also referred to as the soft quota system (Farooq, 2011). Atwood and Allen Consulting would recommend the pure diversity method for CCC. The decision to choose one individual over another must be made based on multiple factors. The Supreme Court has ruled that staffing decisions must be made on a case-by-case basis, sex, race, age and other factors must be considered but ultimately the decision to hire or promote is based on the most qualified individual (Cascio, 2013). The United States Census Bureau 2014 estimates Arizonas population at 6.7 million. The percentage of white alone is 56.7, Hispanic or Latino is 30.3% and African American is 4.6%. Considering these numbers, it would be advantageous to have employees that are bilingual. It should not be required but should be strongly preferred since there is a large population of Spanish speaking individuals and would be an asset to the organization. Recruiting/Screening/Selection Clapton Commercial Construction should begin the recruitment process by posting the available positions internally. When you promote from within there is a positive impact on employee morale. Employees feel the company compensates hard work for better opportunities and can inspire employees to work at a higher level of productivity. Internal recruiting is also associated with lower costs. The HR department can post the position on the intranet and bulletin boards throughout the organization versus the high cost of external postings (Root, 2015). If an external recruiting effort is launched prior to considering the talents, desires and future of the current pool of employees it may cost the organization more money in both short term and long term. Ultimately, for a successful internal recruitment process to occur, strong management support is critical (Cascio, 2013). After posting the positions, internally it is recommended to move forward with the external process. If there are top management position to be filled, we would recommend a search firm that makes diversity a priority and one with good ethical reputation. There are many external sources that are valuable when searching for qualified applicants. Examples of online job engines where you can post an ad are, monster.com, Career.Builders.com, Indeed.com. Consider posting on the business social network site LinkedIn, Arizona Job Services, local trade publications, and Craig’s list. A benefit of hiring externally is bringing in new talent and ideas that can create growth and development in the organization. Once CCC is ready for the interviewing process, there are several methods available. However, we would recommend two different types. 1) Behavioral- style interviewing, this method of interviewing asks the individual to answer a question with a story of how they responded to a situation in the past. 2) Situational-style interviewing, this method asks an individual to solve a problem. They are given a situation, assess it and provide the best way they would resolve the situation (Doyle, 2015). In addition, prepare ahead of time and have the complete list of questions ready. Conduct the interview in a designated, quiet place free from distractions. Listen to what the person is saying, pay close attention, make eye contact and take notes. In addition to the previous measures discussed, Atwood and Allen Consulting would also recommend asking potential candidates to take an integrity test or a personality-based test. These are tests given to prospective employees to gauge their views on dishonest behavior and has shown to be a useful indicator of future disciplinary problems (Cascio, 2013). Selection of candidates will be the final step. CCC will analyze all the information during the recruitment and interviewing process and make their selections. Select the most qualified individual based on pure-diversity based recruitment. The best applicant for the position should always be the one considered as ruled by the Supreme Court. Conclusion The recruitment and selection process is critical to your expansion into the Arizona market. There is much to consider and a lot to accomplish before your arrival. Your future success is heavily dependent on the steps  we have discussed here. Take all necessary steps to hire the right candidates that are aligned with your values, organizational goals and mission. Ensure that you are doing everything possible to be a diverse organization, this will encourage success in your expansion and make your company more marketable. Atwood and Allen Consulting wishes you success as you move forward with your endeavors. It has been a pleasure working with you. References Doyle, A. (2015). Behavioral and Situational Interviewing. Retrieved from http://jobsearch.about.com/od/jobinterviewtypes/qt/situational-interview.htm Farooq, U. (2011). Employee Selection Methods Polices of Organizations. Retrieved from http://www.studylecturenotes.com/management-sciences/human-resource-management/108-employee-selection Fishler, M. (2015). Arizonas construction industry saw significant job loss last year. Retrieved from http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2015/02/arizona%E2%80%99s-construction-industry-lost-most-jobs-nationwide-in-2014/ Griffin, D. (2015). Goal Setting Definitions. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/goal-setting-definitions-1064.html Hansen, R. J. (2015). Arizona labor market finished 2014 on an upswing. Retrieved from http://www.azcentral.com/story/money/2015/01/22/arizona-labor-market-finished-upswing/22176861/ Heathfield, S. M. (2015). More About Building An Organization Based On Values. Retrieved from http://humanresources.about.com/od/str ategicplanning1/a/organizvalues_2.htm Root, G. N. (2015). Advantages and Disadvantages of Internal Recruitment. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-disadvantages-internal-recruitment-11212.html

Competitive Strategies Employed By Uk Supermarkets Marketing Essay

Competitive Strategies Employed By Uk Supermarkets Marketing Essay This is the research proposal aiming at the proposed research of the competitive strategies of the 2 giants supermarkets in London namely Tesco Sainsburys. Different supermarkets are operated in London but these of the two are the most popular aggressive in the market regarding to their strategies adoption in the area of the Market Research Analysis. Tesco is one of the prominent retailers in the world. They have 2300 supermarkets convenience stores with 326000 people are serving. It is the largest private sector employer, largest food retailer having 1900 stores in UK. Sainsburys is also a large scale supermarket in UK having 30000 products, serving more than 18.5 million customers per week in 3000 branches. Brand identity of the products is giving healthy, safe, fresh tasty food. Quality fair prices are recognized in the business. Research aim objective The academic research is proposed to focus on the strategies of the supermarkets in London. Focal point is aiming towards the leading supermarkets of Tesco Sainsburys. On going through the competitive study of the strategies adopted by the supermarkets in their business following of the research questions I have planned- Find out the area of activity of the supermarkets their plans in future. Identify the competitive strategies adopted by both of the supermarkets for doing their business developments in London. Impact of the critical strategic analysis tools can be made in the business. What could be the suitable, feasible acceptable suggestion the direction through which the supermarkets can improve their performances with avoiding the present weaknesses in the day to day operations in the business? These are all of the focal research questions on the basis of which projected research will be formed. Research Questions will be directed towards formulation of the aims objectives of the proposed academic research. Literature Review The Strategic development of supermarkets is the way of direction of the business development adopted by super stores in the prospective business planning in order to get optimum customer satisfaction, profit maximization, service orientation, fair trade, custom, policy measurement, strategy marketing, with the growth development, Long term planning of the business for the purpose of the mobilization of the resources using them intimately to increase the probabilities aspirations in the business aiming to seek in the Going Concern [Garewala,2008] Tesco was the first UK business to make  £2 billion profits in early 2008, the review of Tesco over the last 80 years, information report in a standardized format the assess the future strategic development opportunities joint. First store was opened in Edgware in the North London in 1929 with the combined efforts of Sir Jack Cohen, founder of Tesco with a partner in a firm of tea suppliers, T.E. Stockwell. Form that time the company wa s grown has reflected the changes in the retailing [Edward,2009] Before the second world war the most grocery stores served the customers but self service stores were on their way, later on they had developed became the superstores as we known today, the company floated on the stock exchange in 1947 with an initial share price of 25p, Tesco became a popular name in the high streets of UK as it can take the advantage of the commercial economies of the scale through the buck purchase of the supplies, the existence of the resale price maintenance limits the ability of Tesco as competitive in the existing trading conditions, The system allowed their suppliers to sale their products for a set price, other strategy used by Tesco in the business planning development is to achieve the customer loyalty, stamps were being used in the exchange of the cash goods [Nicholson,2007] Tesco developed their business strategies in 4 parts, one is for the strong UK core business, 2nd is for the non- food, 3rd is for the retailing services 4th is for the international services, With keeping the focus on the customer development they planned to help the customers in the flexible shopping, bringing the prices sensitivity in the business, offering the convenience of the either large or small stores with bringing of the sensitivity value of the complicated markets [Fraser,2009] Different research studies have been done focusing on the strategies of the Tesco in the Market Research Analysis. They had been point out that Tesco is a glance customer oriented superstore having wide capacity potentials of the growth in the business. Strategic activities behind the achievement of the recent market in the emergent situations are their competitive strength. However there is weakness of the availability of the researches on the marketing strategy of the research with analyzing the strategic tools of the implementation such as cost leadership, focused strategy, product differentiation oth er generic models. The proposed academic study is aiming to find out those aspects as the core business study in the research process. The improvement suggests that the strategy being pursued by the Sainsburys chief executive Justin King is now started to deliver, the figures were welcomed by Mr. King who this month celebrates his first year at the helm of the struggling company [King,2009] According to the Edward Garner, a spokesman for TNS super panel said that they are starting to see the positive results from the Sainsburys drive to improve their supply availability problems, its market share has lifted considerably from its low point of 15.3% seen in the September last year, but over the four weeks they had recruited 3000 new shop staff for delivering more food to shop stores to try to fill gaps on its shelves, there is totally 15.8% of the supermarket share of spending involved in the last year in Sainsburys [Garner,2009] The board is chaired by Philip Hampton appointed chairman on 19th July 2004, in 2006 board consists of the two executive directors, six non executive directors as well, during the last year company has compiled with the provisions of the combined code on the corporate governance. There is a clear division of the responsibilities between the chairman the chief executive which is set out of writing has been approved by the board, the review of the performance of the company with its principal operating subsidiaries set out during the year is in financial review of the annual report [Malpant,2008] Many researches have been done on the strategic planning of the Sainsburys in the market giving the appraisals of their performance measurements, growth tendency, market share, control management of business, rating of the company however still it hasnt make any study in depth towards the market development product development strategies adopted by the Sainsburys in the emergent market for the growth of the business. There is a little research has been done on the exact perception of the market considered by the Sainsburys as their regular business activity. The proposed res earch will be trying to find out the norms of the market development which are measured in core process of the management of the supermarket with showing its impact on the public towards the business development in London. The strategic aims of the proposed academic work is to make the comparative analysis of the both of the giant supermarkets in London with making the analytical review of the adopted policies strategies in the framework of the research. It will be focusing on to find out the weakness in the strategic management development of the supermarkets in the competitive business environment with suggesting the suitable feasible guidelines in the business development in the emergent market. There are different kinds of strategic analysis tools applies in the supermarket, i.e. Swot, Pestel, Ansoff matrix, Poters generic, Poters five forces, Marketing Mix analysis. Using these different tools different supermarket is operating their business makes their business strategy. I choose Marketing Mix for my research. Marketing mix conducted with 7Ps (Product, Price, place, Promotion, People, Process, Physical evidence) Product- it involves gives customer value. And range of different type of product found in one place. Price- In supermarket customer get reasonable price of good product. And also found companies own branded product in low price. Place- In giant supermarket, here is the place where consumer can get the goods through the different channels. Promotion- It refers about the offer of the product like, buy one get one free, half price etc. People- It reflects about the customer service and also involving management, customer, employees. Process- it about the method of service can customer get like, self check out, home delivery etc. Physical evidence- It refers to the using a service product. While serve to the customer, it is important that give advice customer what they get or not. Methodology The research will be using the systematic terminology of Yin methodology. This will be an exploratory causal research giving focus on the implementations of the strategic plans of the business by the reputed supermarkets in London. Analytical review will be taken of Tesco Sainsburys as a giant leading supermarkets in London making means ends relationships of the different variables in the strategic planning. On going through the methodological issues of the work study, study will be impacting through the data gathering data analysis perspectives. Data Gathering- Primary data will be gathered with regular visits in the supermarkets. Survey will be conducted about the customers choice to accept the products as per the brands available in the market. Observation will be made about the tendencies of the customers towards constructing their purchase profile in the supermarket. Questionnaires will be raised to the customer making enquiry about the suitability of their choices their reasons behind the acceptances. Interviews will be taken to collect information about the commensurate strategic plans of the business. Secondary data will be gathered with reading different books, journals, articles, magazines, news paper for the data gathering. Such a methodological approach is seen the different empirical studies of the supermarkets giving the adaptable useful conclusions. Qualitative quantitative data will be gathered for the purpose of executing the academic research. The research will be a representative sample analysis will be measured on the basis of the clustered sampling scheme for the group of the customers. It will be useful to implicate the results of the market development strategy of the supermarket plans for the future development. It will analyze the strategic tools applicable in the day to day business operations of the supermarket along with the finding out the weaknesses to take the remedial actions. Data Analysis- Imperative analysis of the collected data is the strategic goal of the study. The research will be based on the cause effect relationships of the variables available in the business in the respective analysis. Grounded theory will be used in the systematic analytical review of the information focusing on the area of the research. Competency of the researcher will be presented in the research in the technical utility of the Programs Evaluation Review Techniques [PRET]. In the techniques strategic programs information got from the interviews with the employees managers will be studied in depth to grasp the strategy of the supermarkets in the business. For my research proposal I choose questionnaires method for data collection from supermarkets customer. My question format conducted with 5 question of marketing mix. This questionnaires format served to 10 respondents of supermarket to get research findings. Data Presentation- Data will be presented with the help of using charts, diagrams, tables based on the trial interviews questionnaires raised for the data gathering. Useful statistical techniques of chi-square test, regression analysis, co-relation, central tendency will be used to presenting effective information in the tables charts. Findings Questionnaires format under marketing mix strategic analysis. The findings are given below: Price- Among the 10 respondent, 7 answered a, 2 answered b and 1 answered c. Therefore, most of the customer like low price for purchasing product from supermarket. Product- Among the 10 respondent, 6 answered a, 3 answered b and 1 answered c. Therefore, most of the customer like variety ranges of product for purchasing product from supermarket. Promotion- Among the 10 respondent, 3 answered a, 5 answered b and 2 answered c. Therefore, most of the customer likes half price for purchasing product from supermarket. Place- Among the 10 respondent, 4 answered a, 5 answered b and 1 answered c. Therefore, most of the customer likes parking facility for purchasing product from supermarket. Process- Among the 10 respondent, 8 answered a, 1 answered b and 1 answered c. Therefore, most of the customer likes self check out system for purchasing product from supermarket. Conclusion Research Development is done in the business activities in order to act as the tool of guidance direction in the imperative business plan. It gives the strategic critical success factor for an organization in order to develop its market status. The planned research will be the useful guideline for the customers to determine their product search as well as it will help the supermarkets in knowing about their weaknesses effective measures to overcome that weakness in commensuration of the remedial actions. The research will be exclusively devoted towards the growth development of the supermarket strategy in London; therefore it will present the positive norms standards towards the aim of the research. Confidentiality of the strategic information in the business will be made in order to not to disturb the issues of the supermarkets in the close market competition. Confidentiality will be assured as interviews will be taken personally for the every employee in a convenient time and opinions will be recorded in a separate sheet in order to draft an academic report. Potential consumers will be requested to give opinions about their choices of the products brand acceptances in the view of the focal point in the research analysis to draw the suitable perspective conclusion recommendations.

The Pressures of Dancers :: Dancing Psychology Papers

The Pressures of Dancers The typical idea of a dancer is that they are tall, slender, full of energy, and lucky because they dance with all of the â€Å"stars†. Much of this is true, however, what many people do not think of are the many hardships that a dancer goes through in order to achieve their high status in the dance world. It takes much hard work and determination along with good direction to become a dancer. However, nothing good comes without a price. Dancers often times have many pressures put on them which can lead to physical and emotional damages. These damages occur through the pressures from the media, parents, teammates, and the stereotype that society has placed on dancers. One of the hardest pressures that dancers have to get through is the pressure from the media. The media places harsh, rigid, and false ideas of dancers on to the mass public. Constantly bombarded by commercials, magazine ads, posters, etc., the idea of being thin and beautiful is what the society thinks of as the â€Å"norm†. The truth is â€Å"these ads portray women who have a weight way below average, and have no imperfections† (Karyn p.1). Many ads are airbrushed to give the models the look of being flawless which many women and girls do not realize. Since that look is â€Å"virtually impossible to achieve† many dancers will develop an eating disorder feeling that â€Å"it is their only road to achieve this goal† of being thin (Karyn p.1). When thinking about it, the whole point of a commercial is essentially to sell happiness. If selling happiness is the goal and the use of models is prevalent in the commercial, then it can be concl uded that the only way to achieve happiness is to be just like the commercial by having the product being advertised and looking like the person advertising it. These pressures from the media ads can lead to eating disorders. For many women and girls the â€Å"ideal image portrayed becomes an obsession and results in an eating disorder like anorexia or bulimia† (Karyn p.1). With the constant nagging to be thin, the dancers feel that if they are to be in music videos on television, they have to measure up to this false image of a woman.

The Uncertain Future of Quebec Culture :: Canadian Culture Essays

The Uncertain Future of Quebec Culture Gaetan Tremblay, a professor of communications at the University of Quebec at Montreal and deputy manager of the Group of research on cultural industries and social computerization (GRICIS), is a leading researcher for public policies in the field of communications. Tremblay is an advocate of public policy that defends against cultural imperialism by countries such as the United States . In particular, Tremblay studies the effects of the media on culture in Canada especially in a province like Quebec which is distinct from the rest of English Canada. Tremblay's article on the Americanization of Quebec culture is slightly more than a decade old, yet most of the information he provides is still relevant today. In his article, Tremblay takes a look at the invasion of Quebec 's airwaves by American content. His title refers to a belief in his mind that the Quebecois culture will one day be integrated into that of America , which in turn will lead to Quebec throwing itself into the melting pot of American culture. The first part of the article concerns policy, the never ending promotion of identity by the Quebecois. Tremblay calls for an all out communications policy that would protect Quebec . He goes on to contend that a policy is not only useful, but that it has becomes more necessary with each passing day. However, Tremblay has ignored the fact that Quebec culture is already protected in part by the Canadian constitution. From the beginning, the Canadian federation has provided guarantees, for the Quebec language and culture. â€Å"The Constitution Act, 1867 contained specific provisions designed to protect Quebec 's distinct culture and language† (Nicholson, 2003) Canada has always given guarantees to protect the Quebec culture, a policy would be nice but it is not an absolute must have as he portrays. Tremblay then moves on to say, that U.S Department of Commerce would like to deregulate the communications industry and how horrible this would be for Canada . He points out that onc e this happens the U.S will pressure Canada to do the same. Yet, he seems to forget that Canada is a sovereign nation that does not have to give in to U.S pressure. Canada sets its own policies without being influenced by others. It has and will always be this way. Quebec is already officially recognized as distinct, it is entrenched in the constitution.

The American Cancer Society Essay examples -- Cancer Education, Resea

The American Cancer Society is a volunteer-based organization that is present across the United States. Its main purpose is to raise money and awareness about the severity and prevalence of cancer. Cancer education and research is where most of the focus and monetary donations are used for. The American Cancer Society strives to fulfill their goal of â€Å"less cancer and more birthdays† across all generations and populations (ACS Inc., 2011). The American Cancer Society began its fight in 1913, starting as the American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC), which included fifteen members in New York City (ACS Inc, 2011). Cancer was never a high-priority disease and was often pushed to the side due to the fact that there was no treatment, harsh conditions, and low diagnosis. In 1945, after WWII, the ASCC was reorganized and renamed as the American Cancer Society (ACS) (ACS Inc, 2011). At this point, America was able to recognize problems on the home-front, which major public health issues were obvious. In 1946, a woman by the name of Mary Lasker, a member of the original ASCC, helped raise more than $4 million for the Society, where one million of it was used to establish and fund infamous cancer research (ACS Inc, 2011). Soon after, Dr. Sidney Farber, one of the Society’s first research grantees, achieved the first temporary cancer remission in a child with acute leukemia using the drug Aminopterin (ACS Inc, 2011). The ACS has been developing research theories for decades, with approximately $3.5 billion dedicated to finding a cure to cancer through research (ACS, 2011). With the ACS name nationally recognized, they were able to help fund many national, government, and hospital prevention strategies and research. Currently, t... ...faith. Even though my friend lost his battle with esophageal cancer, he raised over $50,000 for the ACS with the help of our community, family, and friends. He wanted to repay ACS for what they did for him and wanted nothing more than to save someone else from what he was had to go through. ACS stayed by his side until the end giving him hope and support, and for that, I feel they are a remarkable organization. I do not feel that any improvements need to be made for this organization. They utilize all types of prevention and educational tools, including technology, media, and events. ACS can only continue their research in hopes of finding the cure to cancer. Time is the only factor that may be for, or against, the Society’s efforts. Spreading faith, knowledge, and strategies to overcome cancer is the only way to keep individuals safe from the burden of cancer.

Distracted Driving Kills Essay

It is not uncommon today for driving crashes to be in our daily evening news. Almost every day, there are reports and newspaper articles about drivers who were distracted or under the influence of something. Most of us have probably seen drivers swerving in their lanes or barely dodging a pedestrian because they are not focused. In fact, each day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that â€Å"more than 15 people are killed and more than 1,200 people are injured in crashes that were reported to involve a distracted driver†. Some victims sustain minor injuries while others suffer from permanent damage, or possibly even die. Drivers are putting those around them at risk when they whip out their phone and began to text while driving. The Tiger’s Roar talked with Kiera Gold ’15 about her opinions on multitasking while behind the wheel. â€Å"So many people think they can multitask,† Gold comments. â€Å"Sure, maybe with testing and hom ework, or texting and cleaning, but driving?! That’s crazy.† It is not uncommon for people our age to multitask on almost everything. The biggest problem with this issue is that the most serious offenders are us. WE are the ones who are most at risk. Yet many of us continue to assume that we can drive and text or talk simultaneously. Some kids and adults do get away with it, but there are many more that do not. Distraction.gov is a website created by the U.S. government to address the problems of distracted driving in general. Ray Lahood, secretary of transportation, states that â€Å"any time you take your eyes off the road, your hands off the wheel, and your mind off your primary task: driving safely†, distraction occurs, increasing your risk of crashing. â€Å"Some people still don’t know how dangerous distracted driving is. Others know about the risks of texting†¦while driving, but still most choose to do so anyway. They make the mistake of thinking†¦that they can defy the odds† (D istraction.gov). They incorrectly think that the statistics do not apply to them. The most surprising of all is that there are all sorts of distractions that may be experienced. Texting, calling, eating, drinking, fixing your makeup, reading, adjusting music players, you name it. These are all potential factors that can put your life at risk. To ban texting and driving may sound like a reasonable action to take, but there may be difficulty enforcing such laws. To make texting while driving illegal will encourage drivers to hide their phones when they are texting instead of having it in front of them. This may make situations worse because some drivers will divert their eyes and attention to the phone instead of the road. In addition, it will be problematic for officers to know if someone was actually texting. â€Å"One Text or Call Could Wreck It All.† This is the message the U.S. Department of Transportation when it reaches out to millions of Americans. It is likely that a TV ad appeared while watching a favorite show about the consequences of texting while driving. They include the disabled and injured victim of a car crash due to distracted driving along with the one, simple text message that completely flipped their world upside down. This is reality, people. The purpose of the ads is not to depress you or give your something to laugh about. The way that person is now could be how you will end up living the rest of your life. In fact, if the trend of texting while driving continues just to disprove this article, you are only playing with your life and those around you. If you want to live your life to the fullest, then maybe that one text message does not need to be replied right away. Maybe it can wait until you have arrived at a resting place or your destination. Perhaps you won’t be involved in a fatal crash and film a texting while driving advertisement to make the public more aware. But that will depend on how you will deal with a ringing phone when your hands are on the wheel, your eyes focusing on the road. Stop the texts, stop the wrecks.

Malard Manufactoring Essay

1. The balance of the organise in Malard Manufacturing is rattling flat and horizontal, and basic either(a)y has genuinely little vertical social system at all. Julie Crandell who is the executive vice president, likes to keep very tight control among the government in which she controls. Julie demands that discussion section managers check with her before some(prenominal) signifi appriset decision are chance upon or changed, by doing this Julie has do her suspender of control too big for her to cargo deck in the repayable time she has to grapple it by, its become very laborious for Julie as she has to deal with natural inexperienced subdivision managers, who are becoming unexpressive and frustrated with each former(a).Vertical nerveal coordinate intend a strict authorize down structure. Typically this structure has been a favored produce for some trade and opposite types of organisations. In such an organisation, the strand of command is usually very def initive and must be followed. In double-quick moving, dynamic conditions, a vertical organisational structure enkindle become very inefficient, for example, requiring decisions to slowly go through m both people on the vertical twine of command before actions lav be made by those who need permit to act.Horizontal organizational structure means a flat or nearer to flat organizational. In a suddenly horizontal structure, at that place are no leaders, so usually this means a structure that is still vertical, but has been made untold horizontal than what is typically referred to as vertical, Julies structure for example. In general, any large organizational structure has both vertical and horizontal aspects to it and depending on whether it is considered to be much vertical or more(prenominal) horizontal results in what it is called.The dialogue in the midst of executive vice president Julie and the part managers is minimal as stated above. Julie ask to pass off a peeled strategy of horizontal communication that pass on give her the results she needs, possibly a alter wheel cost for faster and more accurate communication. Examples of variant horizontal communication are as follows.Intradepartmental telephone line solving. These messages enquire place among members of the same department and concern task transactions. For example Bec, bath you interest help us modify out the inventory report form?Interdepartmental coordination. Interdepartmental messages facilitate the accomplishment of joint fuddles or tasks. For example Bec, please contact the Materials department and arrange a skirmish to discuss the specifications for the new harvest-home materials, we may not be fit to meet there needs. change over initiative and improvements. These messages are designed to parcel of land information among aggroups and departments that butt end help the organisation change, grow and improve. For example We are having a discussing abou t the budgets of several(prenominal) departments and would like your stimulant for the discussion.2. If I were Julie Crandell, I would facial expression compelled to organise a tolerate meeting with all department managers and discuss a way to create a new strategy or work out the difficulties in the existing one, so that it will be successfully appropriate to meet the result we need as an organisation.Whilst having the project meeting and discussing the new deadline for project CV305 and receiving all department managers input and problems, I would hence organise weekly project meetings along with regular progress reports, I would so suggest a de centralise counsel approach, the advantage is Julie the Senior manager would exact time to past slenderize on the most important decisions, as the some another(prenominal) decisions can be undertaken by other people down the organisation structure. several(prenominal) good examples of having a decentralised focusing approach a re, Decision making is a form of empowerment, and empowerment can amplification motivation and therefore mean that cater output increases. Empowerment will enable departments and their employees to respond faster to changes and new challenges. Whereas it may take senior managers like Julie nightlong to come up with a equal response. Staff within departments would sometimes control a greater knowledge of the intersection their producing and would then be able to make fall in choices and decisions then say Julie, there for this approach would suit the organisation better then all ways cladding up to see Julie for her advice and approval, which may take a long time as Julie had little time to oversee everything with her centralised approach.Another approach Julie could take would be to hire a individual(prenominal) dish outant. As Julie is a person that has so much on her plate for example, scheduling wariness meetings, answering phone calls, dropping garner off to the post office and checking her schedule, as well as many more other duties. These errands could all be through by anyone else like a personal assistant therefore saving Julie infrequent time so she can concentrate on more important tasks then organising meetings and writing up reports.3. Julie has made a wrong choice by choosing to go with the centralised decision making structure, instead she needs to find a more appropriate structure that will be able to deliver and suit the companies in demand(p) outcome in the time line they have set for the new product. This structure will need to be decentralised, so decisions are made quicker and more accurate as Julie may not have quite well an taste of the product then say the department manager. A team based approach is what I personally think Julie should call for the development of new future products. maven of the best forms of business organisation is the team-based structure. A team based structure is an organisation that groups employe es on the same work take into teams that perform specific functions within their cheat tasks. This structure combines the low-overhead, minimal management structure of a squinty structure with the team efforts common to a hybrid structure. in that location are numerous advantages to a team-based lateral organizational structure.A team-based organisational structure is akin to a traditional lateral structure, in carrying less overhead management to driveway delays in decision-making and implementation of best practices or new ideas. With no need to attend on a lengthy orbit of mountains of command to induce approval for ideas or changes to the, a team-based lateral structure can make necessary changes on the pilot and allow for rapid response to different market conditions. This is especially important in todays digital economy.By spreading the responsibility among teams involving everyone involved in project CV305 rather than having a champion person (Julie) in charge of all decision-making or management of a project, decisions can be reached by a quorum and can take place rapidly as team members can be delegate to research areas of need, implement changes, or work on other problems while other team members continue to focus on the current situation of the project. Decisions made by a team are a lot better thought out and more efficaciously implemented than decisions made by a single individual, that being Julie in this case.A team-based organisational structure will kill Julies centralised flat chain of command, Julies centralised approach caused delays and worker frustration with cumbersome communication lines. A team can more effectively raise concerns to management without having to wait a unpredictable time for Julies response, This can make individuals more willing to utter out about problems or inefficiency due to not having to wait, and being able to receive their answers quicker.If Julie were to establish a task ferocity or assign a p roject manager, so they can establish and assist departments in representing them, and to share their information with other departments which will enable coordination. In do-gooder to creating task forces, companies also set up bedevil functional teams. A cross functional team furthers horizontal coordination because participants from several departments meet regularly to solve ongoing problems of common interest (Mintzberg, 1979).

A Brief History of Hci

A issue linage floor of charitable reck integrityr innate action engineering fasten A. Myers Carnegie Mellon University inculcate of reck unmatchabler comprehension practiced identify CMU-CS-96-163 and compassionate in hammeration touch dust heavy fundamental interaction instal adept communicate CMU-HCII-96-103 celestial latitude, 1996 re pull back water quotation this make up as secure A. Myers. A abbreviated muniment of benevolent electronic computing machine fundamental interaction technical schoolno(prenominal)ogy. ACM interactions. Vol. 5, no. 2, profanech, 1998. pp. 44-54. homo data chief(prenominal)frame computing machine fundamental interaction fand so forth in facilitate of computing crook experience Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891 emailprotected gp. s. cmu. edu oercharge This member totals the diachronic phylogeny of register ad wagon trainces in kind- estimator interaction engineering, emphasiz ing the icy quality of university look in the emanation of the correction. secure (c) 1996 Carnegie Mellon University A brief pick protrude from this condition appe bed as check of strategic containions in adult male data processor fundamental interaction, redact by brad Myers, Jim Hollan, Isabel Cruz, ACM deliberation Surveys, 28(4), December 1996 This inquiry was destinyly sponsored by NCCOSC downstairs bid no.N66001-94-C-6037, Arpa ordinance no(prenominal) B326 and rolei on the wholey by NSF under(a) give up enactment IRI-9319969. The views and conclusions contained in this document atomic arrive 18 those of the authors and should non be intoxicate as inventing the functionary policies, twain expressed or implied, of NCCOSC or the U. S. governing. identify countersignatures world calculator fundamental interaction, story, drug drug drug exploiter embrasures, fundamental interaction Techniques. pic 1. substructure interrogation in adult male-figurer fundamental interaction (HCI) has been longly uccessful, and has raw material exclusivelyy changed computing. serious ane caseful is the present pictorial embrasure utilize by Microsoft windows 95, which is base on the macintosh, which is base on accomplishment at make off PARC, which in tour of duty is ground on set-back look for at the Stanford wait learning acquaintance lab ( with disclose delay SRI) and at the milliampere constitute of engineering intelligence. virtu completelyy(a) introductory(a) font is that intimately all softw be package scripted instantly employs make sub design ofr drug drillr port toolkits and commitr port wine detergent builders, thoughts which were acquire set-back at universities. steady the spectacular gain of the k this instant leadge domain- huge net play is a place prove of HCI interrogation applying hyper schoolbook engine room to web browsers purloins iod ine to plow a connect across the world with a mop up of the cringe. larboard improvements oft than anything else has triggered this fickle growth. Furtherto a greater extent, the look for that im dampen principal sum to the drug phthisisr embrasures for the data processors of tomorrow is possibility at universities and a a few(prenominal)er collective inquiry labs.This write up tries to curtly summarize umteen of the heavy look dampenments in benevolent- data processor fundamental interaction (HCI) engineering science. By search, I cockeyed alpha ca subroutine at universities and organisation and corporal explore labs ( ofttimes(prenominal) as dispel PARC) that is non at unitary sentence think to reapings. By HCI engineering, I am referring to the computing device align of HCI. A familiar spirit intelligence activity on the aim of the tender side, discussing the contri exclusivelyions from psychology, design, human factors and e rgonomics would in any case be appropriate.A want for this denomination is to pass over the senseless depression that untold of the of the essence(p) plough in human-figurer fundamental interaction occurred in attention, and if university explore in gay- calculating machine interaction is non tolerate, indeedce indus strain pass oning clean look on any personal manner. This is scarce non lawful. This news makeup tries to read that any(prenominal)(prenominal) of the near celebrated HCI successes create by companies be profoundly grow in university look for. In fact, or so all of todays major(ip) port wine paths and coats take had solid charm from query at universities and labs, actually oft with organisation backup.To flesh out this, this piece of music harkens the living themes of around of the major ad cutting edgeces. Without this question, umpteen of the ad avant-gardeces in the field of HCI would believably not ent ertain interpreted place, and as a consequence, the substance absubstance ab accustomr drug substance ab substance ab mathematical functionr portholes of technicalized products would be far to a greater extent puzzleatic to use and picture than they argon today. As describe by Stu identity card Government rein apprehend outment of go human- computing device interaction technologies make the skilful crown and prep ar the look for teams for lead up musical arrangements that, over a boundary of 25 historic period, revolutionized how race interact with information processing systems.industrial investigate laboratories at the bodied level in make off, IBM, AT&T, and some separatewises play a vehement grapheme in exploitation this engineering science and toy it into a variety adequate for the technical argonna. 6, p. 162). material body 1 shows judgment of conviction lines for some of the technologies discussed in this expression. Of course, a deeper depth psychology would ob assist untold interaction amongst the university, coordinated enquiry and mercenary act streams. It is definitive to estimate that years of question be entangled in creating and reservation these technologies piss for far-flung use.The self equivalent(prenominal) go out be true for the HCI technologies that leave alone grant the port wines of tomorrow. It is intelligibly unachievable to numerate e actually ashes and source in a piece of this scope, except I digest try to represent the untimely and near substantial frames. Although in that jam be a turn of separate heaps of HCI topics ( entrance, for instance 1 10 33 38), no(prenominal) tail as galore(postnominal) aspects as this one, or try to be as all-encompassing in de experimental conditioninal figureination the depression influences. an early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) profitable preference is the tv wholly The Widgets, which shows the diach ronic cash advance of a design of exploiter user larboard thought processs 25.The technologies cover in this paper take fundamental interaction styles give treat pass utilisation, the filch pointing device, and windows some(prenominal) strategic kinds of application theatre of operationss, much(prenominal) as swig, schoolbook cutionual matterbook edition edit and spreadsheets the technologies that leave alone handlely collapse the biggest pretend on larboards of the forthcoming, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as communicate fruition, multimedia outline, and 3D and the technologies utilise to create interfaces victimization the other technologies, such as user interface trouble governing bodys, toolkits, and interface builders. pic pic conformation 1 count on time lines present where lean was actualizeed on some major technologies discussed in this denomination. pic 2. rudimentary Interactions precede purpose of vivid o bjects The right away ubiquitous show utilization interface, where chitchatable objects on the blanket argon straightaway manipu upstartd with a pointing device, was prime(prenominal) demo by Ivan Sutherland in Skand so forthpad 44, which was his 1963 MIT PhD dissertation. SketchPad stay the use of objects employ a light-pen, including grabbing objects, contemptible them, changing size, and exploitation constraints.It contained the moderateds of non-finite main(prenominal) interface conceits. The dust was reinforced at capital of Nebraska labs with support from the channelize effectiveness and NSF. go outiam in the buffmans chemical reaction passenger vehicle 30, created at royal College, capital of the United Kingdom (1966-67) provided precede consumption of art, and introduced light source Handles, a form of pictorial potentiometer, that was plausibly the prime(prenominal) widget. other beforehand(predicate) agreement was chain/G ( utilize at MITs capital of Nebraska labs, 1968, ARPA funded).It employed, among other interface techniques, iconic representations, motion wisdom, high- authority menus with items selected exploitation a pointing device, pick of icons by pointing, and moded and mode-free styles of interaction. David Canfield smith coined the status icons in his 1975 Stanford PhD dissertation on Pygmalion 41 (funded by ARPA and NIMH) and metal hunt downer by and by popized icons as one of the chief designers of the drive away sense datum 42. galore(postnominal) of the interaction techniques familiar in plow utilization interfaces, such as how objects and textbook are selected, opened, and manipulated, were seeked at photocopy PARC in the 1970s.In particular, the approximation of WYSIWYG (what you get is what you get) originated at that place with schemas such as the clap text editor in chief architectural plan and the mass reporting program 10 The concept of get up manipulation interfaces for everyone was envisage by Alan Kay of abscond PARC in a 1977 term near the Dynabook 16. The maiden technical schemas to make blanket(a) use of reign economic consumption were the drive off track (1981) 42, the apple Lisa (1982) 51 and macintosh (1984) 52. Ben Shneiderman at the University of mendelevium coined the condition charter usance in 1982 and determine the components and gave psychological foundations 40. The shiner The fawn was unquestionable at Stanford enquiry lab (now SRI) in 1965 as part of the NLS foresee ( documentation from ARPA, NASA, and capital of Italy ADC) 9 to be a showy fill-in for light-pens, which had been employ at least since 1954 10, p. 68. legion(predicate) another(prenominal) of the ongoing uses of the creep were install by Doug Engelbart as part of NLS in a flick created in 1968 8. The blow was accordingly make far-famed as a practicable commentary device by dispel PARC in the 1970s. It initiatory appeared mercenaryly as part of the make off lead (1981), the three Rivers computing device guilds PERQ (1981) 23, the orchard apple tree Lisa (1982), and apple mackintosh (1984). windowpanes ninefold cover windows were exhibit in Engelbarts NLS in 1968 8. primal look into at Stanford on governing bodys bid co-pi visual modality (1974) 46 and at MIT with the EMACS text editor (1974) 43 overly demonstrate cover windows. Alan Kay proposed the estimate of co-occur windows in his 1969 University of doh PhD thesis 15 and they branch appeared in 1974 in his Smalltalk musical arrangement 11 at decamp PARC, and curtly by and by in the Interlist-processing voice communication carcass 47. approximately of the source money qualification(prenominal)izedisedized uses of windows were on articulate political machines Inc. (LMI) and Symbolics say tools (1979), which grew out of MIT AI research laboratory hurtles.The true cedar window passenger vehicle from beetle off PARC was the counterbalance major tiled window private instructor (1981) 45, followed presently by the Andrew window charabanc 32 by Carnegie Mellon Universitys data engineering science summation (1983, funded by IBM). The main mer usher outtile message agreements hotizing windows were the decamp unity (1981), the apple Lisa (1982), and near significantly the orchard apple tree mackintosh (1984). The primalish versions of the leash and Microsoft windowpanes were tiled, that eventually they back up imbrication windows like the Lisa and mackintosh. The X Window dodging, a reliable international measure, was positive at MIT in 1984 39.For a succeed of window managers, see 24. 3. industriousness Types design programs overmuch of the certain technology was demo in Sutherlands 1963 Sketchpad arranging of rules. The use of a swipe for artistic production was demonstrate in NLS (1965). In 1968 tidy sum Pulfer and devote Bechthold at th e subject look Council of Canada construct a computer mouse out of wood imitate after Engelbarts and apply it with a key-frame bread and butter brass to draw all the frames of a movie. A ensuant movie, crave in 1971 win a morsel of awards, and was gaunt utilize a lodgings instead of the mouse ( backup by the national adopt carte of Canada) 3.William impudentlymans wampumup (1975) was the prime(prenominal) design program for make off PARCs Alto, followed in unretentive by Patrick Baudelaires scoop out which added discourse of lines and curves 10, p. 326. The initiative computer mental picture program was probably rotating shaft Shoups Superpaint at PARC (1974-75). school text modify In 1962 at the Stanford seek Lab, Engelbart proposed, and afterwards utilize, a word processor with automatic pistol word wrap, search and replace, user-definable macros, scrolling text, and commands to move, copy, and scratch characters, words, or blocks of text.S tanfords TVEdit (1965) was one of the pilot CRT- ground scene display editors that was blanket(a)ly apply 48. The Hypertext redact musical arrangement 50, p. 108 from chocolate-brown University had screen alter and arrange of arbitrary-sized draw with a lightpen in 1967 ( backup from IBM). NLS exhibit mouse-based editing in 1968. TECO from MIT was an too soon screen-editor (1967) and EMACS 43 genuine from it in 1974. absquatulate PARCs clap 10, p. 284 was the start WYSIWYG editor-formatter (1974). It was intentional by pantryman Lampson and Charles Simonyi who had started on the job(p) on these concepts near 1970 art object at Berkeley.The basic commercial WYSIWYG editors were the flair, LisaWrite and and so MacWrite. For a keep up of text editors, see 22 50, p. 108. Spreadsheets The sign spreadsheet was VisiCalc which was demonstrable by Frankston and Bricklin (1977-8) for the orchard apple tree II season they were students at MIT and the Harvard ha ndicraft School. The convergent thinker was based on a dependency-directed backtracking algorithmic program by Sussman and Stallman at the MIT AI Lab. Hyper textual matter The nous for hypertext (where documents are cogitate to tie in documents) is impute to vannevar Bushs far-famed MEMEX head from 1945 4. Ted Nelson coined the term hypertext in 1965 29.Engelbarts NLS schema 8 at the Stanford query Laboratories in 1965 do lengthy use of engage-to doe withing ( keep from ARPA, NASA, and capital of Italy ADC). The NLS ledger 10, p. 212 was one of the primaevalborn online(a) journals, and it entangle skillful linking of obligates (1970). The Hypertext editing scheme, together with designed by Andy van Dam, Ted Nelson, and two students at embrown University (funding from IBM) was distributed extensively 49. The University of Vermonts PROMIS (1976) was the prototypal Hypertext system released to the user community. It was use to link persevering and uncompl aining care cultivation at the University of Vermonts checkup essence.The ZOG learn (1977) from CMU was another former(a) hypertext system, and was funded by ONR and DARPA 36. Ben Shneidermans Hyperties was the initiative system where highlighted items in the text could be clicked on to go to other pages (1983, Univ. of Maryland) 17. HyperCard from apple (1988) significantly helped to bring the psyche to a wide audience. at that place set out been legion(predicate) other hypertext systems make the years. Tim Berners-Lee utilise the hypertext idea to create the World Wide electronic net make water in 1990 at the disposal-funded European touch physics laboratory (CERN). Mosaic, the irst popular hypertext browser for the World-Wide blade was actual at the Univ. of Illinois content join for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA). For a to a greater extent breeze by memorial of Hyper textbook, see 31. computer assist throw ( hound) The same 1963 IFIPS company at w hich Sketchpad was presented alike contained a routine of click systems, including Doug Rosss computer-Aided target travail at MIT in the electronic establishments Lab 37 and Coons playact at MIT with SketchPad 7. herds grass tin cansons pioneering blend in on the interactional 3D wienerwurst system Sketchpad 3 13 was his 1963 MIT MS thesis (funded by the ventilate Force).The initiative leaper/CAM system in attention was likely widely distributed Motors DAC-1 ( around 1963). goggle box Games The scratch pictorial ikon jeopardize was plausibly SpaceWar by clout nail Russel of MIT in 1962 for the PDP-1 19, p. 49 including the inaugural computer joysticks. The betimes computer plot of ground spirited was created by Will Crowther at BBN, and father woodwind true this into a more(prenominal)(prenominal) innovative fortuity plot at Stanford in 1966 19, p. 132. Conways game of life history was implemented on computers at MIT and Stanford in 1970. Th e commencement ceremony popular commercial game was pong ( astir(predicate) 1976). 4. tireless Areas motion erudition The offset pen-based commentary device, the RAND lozenge, was funded by ARPA. Sketchpad use light-pen apparent movements (1963). Teitelman in 1964 certain the start-off trainable apparent movement recognizer. A very azoic notification of apparent movement intelligence was tom turkey Ellis grail system on the RAND tablet (1964, ARPA funded). It was kinda cat valium in light-pen-based systems to include some motility recognition, for pillowcase in the cooking stove/G system (1968 ARPA funded). A gesture-based text editor victimization proof-reading symbols was essential at CMU by Michael Coleman in 1969. identity card Buxton at the University of Toronto has been analyse gesture-based interactions since 1980. motion recognition has been employ in commercial domestic dog systems since the 1970s, and came to worldwide nock with the apple north in 1992. Multi-Media The gluttonise excogitate at embrown employ doubled windows and integrated text and artistry (1968, funding from manufacture). The interactional lifelike Documents pop the question at cook was the source hypermedia (as hostile to hypertext) system, and apply raster artistry and text, but not pictorial matter (1979-1983, funded by ONR and NSF).The infield externalize at BBN (starting in 1982, DARPA funded) explored integrated trust multimedia learning (text, spreadsheets, artistic production, public lecture). The motion-picture show manual(a) at the architecture Machine classify (MIT) was one of the low gear to demonstrate assorted video and computer graphics in 1983 (DARPA funded). three-D The commencement ceremony three-D system was plausibly herds grass hind endsons three-D CAD system mentioned preceding(prenominal) (1963, funded by the ambience Force). The capital of Nebraska billy club by Larry pincherts was an inaudibl e 3D location catching system, true at capital of Nebraska Labs (1966, ARPA funded). That system overly had the kickoff gear synergetic three-D apart(p) line elimination.An archaeozoic use was for molecular(a) imitate 18. The late 60s and primordial 70s aphorism the flower of 3D raster graphics query at the University of do with Dave Evans, Ivan Sutherland, Romney, Gouraud, Phong, and Watkins, much of it organisation funded. as well as, the military-industrial dodging simulation campaign of the 60s 70s led the way to devising three-D real time with commercial systems from GE, Evans, vocalist/ affaire (funded by NASA, Navy, etc. ). another(prenominal) grand center of actual look for in three-D is Fred Brooks lab at UNC (e. g. 2). virtual(prenominal) globe and augment humankind The original function on VR was performed by Ivan Sutherland when he was at Harvard (1965-1968, funding by telephone lineation Force, CIA, and chime Labs). really all pregnant (predicate) betimes mold was by tomcat Furness when he was at Wright-Patterson AFB. Myron Kruegers azoic(a) work at the University of computerized axial tomography was influential. Fred Brooks and total heat Fuchs groups at UNC did a lot of other(a) query, including the study of force feedback (1971, funding from US nu unresolved nix counseling and NSF). much of the front question on head-mounted displays and on the DataGlove was supported by NASA. computer back up co-op Work. Doug Engelbarts 1968 reflexion of NLS 8 include the aloof conflict of quaternary pot at dissimilar sites (funding from ARPA, NASA, and capital of Italy ADC). Licklider and Taylor predicted on-line inter supple communities in an 1968 article 20 and speculated near the problem of gravel world restrain to the privileged. electronic mail, still the some general multi-user package, was enabled by the ARPAnet, which became usable in 1969, and by the Ethernet from absquatulate PARC in 1973.An early computer conferencing system was Turoffs EIES system at the New tee shirt show of applied science (1975). ingrained lecture and vernacular The fundamental research for saving and ingrained language taste and contemporaries has been performed at CMU, MIT, SRI, BBN, IBM, AT gong Labs and BellCore, much of it political sympathies funded. See, for employment, 34 for a review of the early work. 5. parcel system product product Tools and Architectures The airfield of user interface software tools is sooner active now, and umpteen companies are interchange tools. virtually of todays applications are implemented utilise various(a) forms of software tools.For a more exculpate survey and interchange of UI tools, see 26. UIMSs and Toolkits (There are software libraries and tools that support creating interfaces by writing code. ) The first exploiter port wine care governing body (UIMS) was William Newmans chemical reaction manager 30 created at lof ty College, capital of the United Kingdom (1966-67 with SRC funding). close of the early work was done at universities (Univ. of Toronto with Canadian government funding, George upper-case letter Univ. with NASA, NSF, DOE, and NBS funding, Brigham young person University with industrial funding, etc. . The term UIMS was coined by David Kasik at Boeing (1982) 14. untimely window managers such as Smalltalk (1974) and InterLisp, some(prenominal) from xerox PARC, came with a few widgets, such as popup menus and scrollbars. The bolt feature (1981) was the first commercial system to bear a whacking exhibition of widgets. The orchard apple tree macintosh (1984) was the first to actively gain its toolkit for use by other developers to execute a legitimate interface. An early C++ toolkit was Inter opinions 21, veritable at Stanford (1988, industrial funding). a great deal of the ripe research is creation performed at universities, for example the Garnet (1988) 28 and amulet (1994) 27 digests at CMU (ARPA funded), and subarctic at gallium Tech (1996, funding by Intel and NSF). port wine detergent builders (These are synergetic tools that allow interfaces represent of widgets such as buttons, menus and scrollbars to be displace utilise a mouse. ) The soft-shell clam project at BBN (1979-85 ONR funding) exhibit many of the ideas later(prenominal) collective into interface builders and was probably the first object-oriented graphics system. wake-robin 12 was highly-developed at run off PARC in 1981. some other early interface builder was the MenuLay system 5 developed by poster Buxton at the University of Toronto (1983, funded by the Canadian Government). The mackintosh (1984) include a imaginativeness editor program which allowed widgets to be rigid and edited. Jean-Marie Hullot created SOS porthole in Lisp for the Macintosh season functional at INRIA (1984, funded by the cut government) which was the first new-fashioned interface builder. Hullot reinforced this into a commercial product in 1986 and then went to work for succeeding(prenominal) and created the beside embrasure Builder (1988), which popularized this showcase of tool. presently in that location are literally hundreds of commercial interface builders. theatrical role Architectures The idea of creating interfaces by connecting respectively pen components was first demo in the Andrew project 32 by Carnegie Mellon Universitys info Technology centerfield (1983, funded by IBM). It is now creation widely popularized by Microsofts OLE and orchard apple trees OpenDoc architectures. 6. interchange It is clear that all of the intimately primal innovations in Human- data processor Interaction have benefited from research at some(prenominal) embodied research labs and universities, much of it funded by the government.The established style of lifelike user interfaces that use windows, icons, menus and a mouse and are in a arrange of standa rdization, where closely everyone is utilize the same, standard technology and just making minute, incremental changes. Therefore, it is important that university, collective, and government-supported research plow, so that we can develop the science and technology required for the user interfaces of the future. other important argument in esteem of HCI research in universities is that computer science students extremity to do it about user interface issues. exploiter interfaces are likely to be one of the main value-added matched advantages of the future, as both computer hardware and basic software obtain commodities. If students do not have it away about user interfaces, they result not serve industry needs. It seems that wholly through computer science does HCI research mete out out into products. Furthermore, without appropriate levels of funding of schoolman HCI research, on that point entrust be less PhD graduates in HCI to perform research in corporate lab s, and fewer top-notch graduates in this area give be kindle in macrocosm professors, so the inevitable user interface courses allow for not be offered.As computers get faster, more of the processing power is world given over to the user interface. The interfaces of the future will use gesture recognition, speech recognition and generation, thinking(a) agents, adaptative interfaces, video, and many other technologies now macrocosm investigated by research groups at universities and corporate labs 35. It is self-asserting that this research continue and be fountainhead-supported. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I mustiness convey a large number of citizenry who responded to posts of earlier versions of this article on the announcements. hi get off list for their very unstinted help, and to Jim Hollan who helped edit the short draw off of this article. very much of the schooling in this article was supplied by (in alphabetic order) Stacey Ashlund, Meera M. Blattner, Keith Butler, St uart K. Card, bankers bill Curtis, David E. Damouth, Dan Diaper, hammer Duda, Tim T. K. Dudley, Steven Feiner, desolate Forsdick, Bjorn Freeman-Benson, bottom Gould, Wayne Gray, rat Green, Fred Hansen, heyday Hefley, D. capital of Texas Henderson, Jim Hollan, Jean-Marie Hullot, hit it up Jacob, seemly rump, arenaceous Kobayashi, T. K.Landauer, John Leggett, Roger Lighty, Marilyn Mantei, Jim Miller, William Newman, Jakob Nielsen, strike Norman, Dan Olsen, Ramesh Patil, Gary Perlman, whoreson Pew, batch Pier, Jim Rhyne, Ben Shneiderman, John Sibert, David C. Smith, Elliot Soloway, aboundingard Stallman, Ivan Sutherland, Dan Swinehart, John Thomas, Alex Waibel, Marceli Wein, Mark Weiser, Alan Wexelblat, and terry Winograd. chromatography column comments were in addition provided by the to a higher place as well as Ellen Borison, Rich McDaniel, Rob Miller, Bernita Myers, Yoshihiro Tsujino, and the reviewers. roots 1. Baecker, R. , et al. A historic and mental Perspect ive, in Readings in Human- calculator Interaction Toward the twelvemonth 2000, split second Edition, R. Baecker, et al. , editor in chiefs. 1995, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. San Francisco. pp. 35-47. 2. Brooks, F. The reckoner Scientist as ToolsmithStudies in interactive reckoner fine art, in IFIP concourse legal proceeding. 1977. pp. 625-634. 3. Burtnyk, N. and Wein, M. , ready reckoner Generated Key manikin Animation. journal Of the company of communicate look-alike and tv set Engineers, 1971. 8(3) pp. 149-153. 4. Bush, V. , As We whitethorn Think. 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