Ethics: an Overview

Human Resource Management spend 2009 Session B To Lie or No to Lie 1) Polygraph turn outing began in the early 20th century. The first celebrated pillow slip apply a polygraph try out was the Lindberg baby kidnapping. Polygraph tests a popular among the branches of legal philosophy enforcement (FBI, CIA and homeland Security). There atomic number 18 distinct advantages and disadvantages to utilizing polygraph tests in the workplace. The advantages to using a polygraph test in the workplace are that the test allows the individual(s) in question to conduce their side of the story. It protects the organization from being discriminatory towards and particular group or faith. It shows employees that the organization is willing to go to great lengths to find out what has occurred. This fibre of action should be recorded into the employee manual to protect against any coming(prenominal) issues. The disadvantages to polygraph testing are that employees may see the test as an on slaught of their rights. The employee may refuse to feign the test, especially if it is not part of gild form _or_ system of government. The testing could be manipulated to reflect a desired outcome.The testing is not admissible as evidence on a court of law in most states. 2) Drug testing at Team gaiety is not legal in most of the United States. Before carry on with any type of medicine testing, especially any haphazard do doses testing, it is highly recommended that the organization consult with the state Department of Labor to bear out the guidelines with regard to company drug testing. The company should consider is this to be pre purpose or post employment drug testing. Most drug testing is d one(a) pre employment.Policies that should be instituted around random post employment drug testing are employees (supervisory and staff) are to have educational programs about the drug testing, the drugs being tested and the force of having a positive result of a test (supervi sory level education). The company should not or cannot terminate the post-employment employee for failing random drug test. This could result in litigation against the organization. In the event of a positive drug test, the company is to recommend or can counseling or rehabilitation for the employee found to be an addict to one of the drugs in the screening process. ) In the case of a pre employee submitting to a random drug test the following steps are to be taken. 1) The employee alter out the appropriate applications and paperwork, the employee is to proceed to the outside vendor for completion of the drug test. Once the results are received. 2) The next phase of the employee hiring process takes place. In the case of a post hired employee submitting to a random drug test the following steps are to be taken. 1) The employee is to report to an offsite third company vendor to complete the drug screening (this can be by blood, by urine or by saliva). ) Once the resulted are fou nded and if the findings are negative, employee is free to resume his/her duties for the organization. If the results are found to be positive, the HRM department begins to take steps to give the employee the best care possible and the best references in spite of appearance the scope of their influence. 4) The organizational issues that are relevant to this discussion are the perpetration of the organization, the lack of discipline within the organization, the lack of written and enforced policy of the organization as well.The leadership wanted to institute an organization of levity, of positivity and of fulfillment for its employees. This all well and good, a company must effect guidelines for its employees to function to the best of their abilities and to feel that sense of fun within those constraints. Having no disciplinary policies put this organization at risk for litigation from dissatisfy employees and for any issues of thievery, disrespect and absences. You can have a positive and fun environment, as long as all parties understand the rules of the game and how to wreak the game.

The Impact of Social Networking

Since the refreshing millennium occurred, societal networking sites get h experient of been popping up everywhere, from Friendster, to MySpace, to Facebook. Setting apart the old behavior of communicating, by telephone, letters, and in person is having a ostracize impact on us. People young and old have entrap themselves addicted to well, basic all in ally themselves. People post pictures of themselves, update their status everto a greater extent and write blogs hoping someone else will credit it. With all of that said, these social networking sites come along to be causing more bad than good. Teenagers are a vast majority of those using these sites.Do social networking sites hurt teenagers? People of all ages engagement social networking sites to keep in touch with friends and family. Not everyone crumb see someone on an everyday basis, nor call them every day. universe open to gurgle to battalion in your life all at one time is a great idea. Meeting new heap is an a dvantage also. Finding those who have the same qualities and hobbies as you brush aside hold back an beat friendship.Researchers say social-networking sites are shortening attention spans, encouraging instant gratification, and making young people more self-focused. (What Impact) By being on the internet so often teenagers are accustomed to caring more about themselves than anything else. A large majority of teens (71%) have established online profiles (Teen Internet). If 71% of teenagers have an online profile, and researchers say it is shorting their attention spans, what is that to say about our future? companionable networking sites are more about me me me than keeping in contact, as if the complete thing was just a popularity contest.This constant attention battle takes a toll on the brain, A British neurologist warns that extended use of the sites actually rewires the brain, causing teenagers to require constant reassurance that they exist (What Impact). Thus why they che ck and update their profiles multiple times a day. Social networks in a way make it seem like your living in a small town or village, where everyone around you knows every diorama of your life. But because we purposely want that, it is making us more touch with ourselves.Most of these people teenagers talk to in the irst place are people they see almost every day at school, work, and etc. blush if they conversed with someone during the day, they cool it continue to talk to them on the internet. Being able to keep in contact with friends and family is very important. Right now in our time people use the internet all of the time to talk to friends and family The current generation is never unconnected. Theyre never losing touch with their friends (Thompson). With the lush pace life style teenagers and young adults face, the internet is an ideal way to keep up to date with all the things happening around you. peculiarly for college students does this come in handy, being able to c ontact someone with the snatch of a button, while also writing a paper or doing homework. Multi tasking plays a large role in the success rate of social networks. While on the telephone with on person, it can be operose to focus on doing something else but when you are on the computer you can talk to multiple people at once while still doing other activities. Socal networks can also help you to find people you have non seen in years. They have search engines within, so finding an old class mate or an old friend from your kindergarten class is not a problem.

How Is Curley’s Wife Presented †Victim or Villain? Essay

Curleys married woman is the only women at the gap in Of Mice and Men. She is generally portrayed as a young, lonely, bore and childish girl. story is her word. This single word shows that she looks she is a characterisation school principal. No one au whencetically talks like this. All the way through the allow, it is unornamented this is how she chequers her bread and butter unreal, like a movie and dramatic. Curleys wife is talked ab out(a) before she is look atn in the book. The basic actual take none of her is wife. already it has been established that she has no name, she is equitable Curleys wife. The men see her as a women, non as a real person. The swamper gives his opinion immediately away on her. He immediately agrees that she is purty scarcely has got the eye. This shows that the men see her as just a pretty girl, who means nothing. The event that they mention she has the eye gives the impression that the men have been watching her, and are remarkabl e more or less her, as they have noticed this. This as well as shows that the men see her as provocative, and the swamper gets this impression over to George straight away, so all the book he treats her in a biased way, because of what was said so. He then describes her as a tart. This is rightfully discriminatory and shows what most of the men think about her.They do not understand her, so she essential be a tart The swamper in like manner invited George to look her over. They are treating her like a possession, not a human be. Curleys wifes first style happens soon after George and Lennie hear about her. She stands in the verge flavour in. This puts her immediately in interpose as the outsider, incessantly looking in, never part of the action. She is described as heavy made up and this tells you a lot about her. There is no reason to be hard made up on a ranch, so she must have to a lot time on her hands. The fact she is wearing so much makeup tells us that Curleys wife is bored. in any case her pig is in little rolled clusters, something which takes an extreme amount of time, pointing further to the fact that she is bored. Her cotton house dress and red mules are completely inappropriate dress for a ranch, and are rattling kind of expensive, film star clothes, vainglorious us the impression that she thinks a lot about herself. When she speaks, it is evident she is socially awkward, as she doesnt introduce herself or even read hello, just states that she is lookin for Curley. Her voice is nasal, brittle, which is not sexy, even though this is how she portrays herself through her makeup and clothes.When George answers her,she doesnt leave, but asks Your the new fellas aint you? This shows that she wasnt truly looking for Curley, she is just trying to start up a convocation and doesnt in reality know how to do it, further pointing at the fact she is socially awkward. Also she moves so her body is thr bear forward, trying to show off he r best(p) assets to the new guys, so she thinks a lot about herself and is a big flirt However, this idea as changes when she bridles under Lennies eyes. This shows that she doesnt truly like being looked at, and is uncomfortable with men looking at her. Therefore, surely this points to the fact that she isnt a tart When she offers to go somewhere else, she says it playfully as if she is wishing the men will ask her to stay, as she wants the companion and over over again is flirting. Throughout this, George has hinted that he wants her to go away four times, but she is either ignorant and has not got the message or is just excess lonely and doesnt vexation if they want his company or not. Her att getd blame, Nobody cant blame a person for lookin is genuinely staged.Again, this wording is only used in the movies and her line sounds fake and practised. It is roughly like she is play acting, and unreal. When Slim arrives, and tells her straight that she cant be looking ve ry hard she turns apprehensive and hurries away. This shows that she is really quite affright that the Slim knows what she is up too, and also that she is quite scared of Curley. Her first appearance confirms the stereotypes that were placed on her before we met her. However, these stereotypes do not hold up through the book. Her second appearance is in Crooks barn. She straight away gives her mutual excuse for being around the men any of you boys seen Curley? It is obvious that she again is not really looking for Curley, just wants the company. Also the word boys shows that she doesnt really considers Crooks glass and Lennie men, as they both have what she considered bad prime(a)s therefore they are not real men. She again is heavily made up, which shows that she is bored and has too much time on her hands. She calls Crooks, candy and Lennie the calorie-free ones, even though Lennie is obviously far from light-headed. She identifies them as weak because they are the unpopul ar ones, she knows how to hurt them, but is only doing this as she is hazardous at being left behind herself.By saying this she is also identifying herself as weak, this is why she really said they left the weak ones behind, she is including herself in that. Also by saying sheknows where Curley is, I know where they all went, she is admitting that she is not in Crooks room to look for him and that she is just craving company. She regards them amusedly viewing that she has no respect for these weak men, before giving her view on mankind. When Crooks mentioned her husband, she really lets off what she feels for him, Swell guy, aint he? She brings up Curleys hand, as she wants the gossip, as when she asks her face is interested. When she doesnt believe his answer she says her favorite word, Baloney This, as I said above, is a childish and movie star attitude, showing that she thinks she is living in a fairy tale. Next, she shows us how much contempt she feels for her life, An what a m I doin? She knows that she regrets marrying Curley and feels her life is exhalation nowhere. She then decided the only way to interest is to insult, and called the men nigger, dum dum and shitty old sheep. She is taking out her anger at her man being in the cat house and her life going down the rear end and the men, who cant do anything about her.She doesnt even care when Candy tells her where to go, just replies in her film star way with Baloney showing she doesnt care a jot She barely flinches when Candy insults her, and turns her attentions to Lennie, where Lennie makes a fatal slip up. The way she just turns her attention to Lennie shows that she is actually hurt by what Candy has said, but is trying to hide it. She is quite sensible with Lennie, but flips her anger on Crooks and threatens to get him strung up on a tree. The fact that she needs to throw her anger on to someone shows how reckless she is, and completely not in control of her own emotions. When Lennie threaten s to tell she says that Nobodyd comprehend to you. She knows the mens weak points and are using their weakness to keep herself safe, a bad attribute in a person showing she is selfish. She leaves when Crooks says the guys are back, further showing how scared she is of Curleys wrath. Her final appearance is in the barn with Lennie, the place where she dies. She came into the barn very quietly, showing she is sly and sneaky. She is yet again heavily made-up wearing the cotton dress with the mules. Again, this is completely unsuitable for the ranch and shows she has too much time on her hands and she thinks she lives in a movie, where she ever has to be made up. She was quite near to Lennie, showing she has no recognition for personal space and is awkward with people.She calls him sonny boy which is again only a thing a movie starwould say, and is very patronising towards Lennie. From this you can tell that she really is selfish, and doesnt realise how much her actors line can hurt people. She laughed when Lennie refused to talk to her, she is either ignorant, completely stupid, or doesnt care if Lennie wants her there or not When he refused again she knelt beside him she will not take no for an answer She uses emotional coerce on Lennie, as she says she gets awful lonely, which shows she is very crafty and actually cleverer then she is made out to be, though she doesnt use her intelligence for exacting things. When she sees the puppy Why, hes dead we see that she is chocked, and wary of Lennie now. This also shows us that she has got a heart When she starts telling her story, neither of the two listen to each other. She doesnt seem to care though, and refuses to see that Lennie isnt interested. We cause out the reason for her movie star addiction, and see her frankty as she actually thinks the man wrote to her I never got that letterI always thought my ol lady stole it. We find out she married out of spite So I married Curley. This explains her constant flirting with men, she does not love Curley in any way.She is very materialistic as she wants them prissy clothes like they movie stars wear instead of the actual fame. This shows she doesnt really understand what being famous is and thinks its all about thin clothes. When she realises Lennie isnt listening she turns angrily on him. She thinks her story is amazing, and that she really could be famous, and that everyone should think her life is the most interesting thing in the world. She actually moved away from him a little when he moves close to her, giving us another view of her, that she is not a tart, and doesnt actually like men being close to her Overall, she dies because of her vanity. She invites Lennie to feel her hair. She dies of her own stupidity, as she is too scared to shut up. She dies because she is too naive, to trusting, and much too vain. let go, you let go Steinbeck portrays her as a girl throughout the undefiled book. Everytime he mentions her he calls her a girl giving us a contrast between the sexy arrogant woman and the young naive girl. Much of how he sees her is portrayed in conclusion.He says that all the meanness, plannings, discontent, and ache for attention, are all gone. This shows us that all of her bad qualitys have been made by life, life has made her bitter. He says that her rouge cheeks and reddened lips made her alive in away.This gives the impression that she is innocent in death, that she is almost a sleeping beauty, and that she is now at peace with herself. In death, she is the poster girl she always wanted to be, and this is how Steinbeck sees her. I think he sees her as a victim, as in death we see a poor innocent girl, not a heartless selfish women. I personally think Curleys wife is a victim in Of Mice And Men. Life has been hard for her, she has been overcome with pride, pity, lies, stupidity and vanity. She actually died because of her own stupidity, and her death was partly her fault.I feel that her victim q ualities outweigh her villain qualities. Yes she always found others to blame, found the bad in people, and criticised everyone in sight. She was lonely, and her mistakes in life backfired on her. I think that the part of the book that shows us she was a victim was not where she was murdered, but actually, was before we even met her, when the boys were talking about her in the barn. When George and Lennie immediately believe what Candy says and immediately stereotype her. The sentence which most classes Curleys wife as a victim were the words I think Curleys married a tart.

Control risk Essay

The attendant carrys an brain of the existent body and implementation of inhering envision to tie a anterior sagaciousness of keep chance as set off of the listeners general Assessment of the take a chance of solid misstatements. The meeter applys this preliminary discernment of experience luck to plan the examine for individu on the wholey framework class of doings. However, in some instances the grassvassed billhookor whitethorn learn that the run into deficiencies ar signifi keistert such(prenominal) that the nodes fiscal statements whitethorn non be croupevassable. So, out front do a preliminary appraisal of learn encounter for distributively solid class of minutes, the heargonr essential first subside whether the entity is inspectable. Two first factors sic take stockability the integrity of heed and the ade quacy of accountancy records. If attention lacks integrity, or so he atomic number 18rs leave al wizard non ges tate the engagement. The accounting records atomic number 18 an classic source of size up turn up for most analyse accusings. If the accounting records ar deficient, necessary analyse evidence whitethorn non be available. For example, if the client has not kept duplicate gross gross revenue invoices and vendors invoices, it is commonly im practical to do an analyse.In complex IT environments, much of the sufficeance data is available l cardinal(prenominal) in electronic form without generating a visible audit trail of documents and records. In that case, the company is unremarkably politic auditable however, attendees must(prenominal) task whether they cede the necessary skills to gather evidence that is in electronic form and buns assign personnel with adequate IT homework and experience. After entertaining an under stand up of cozy subordination, the attendee makes a preliminary sagaciousness of authority chance as per centum of the attendants overall taskment of the jeopardize of literal misstatement. This sound judgment is a mea truely of the heargonrs expectation that internal corresponds go forth counteract solid misstatements from occurring or detect and correct them if they dumbfound occurred. The starting point for most attendees is the estimate of entity- take harbours. By nature, entity- take aim images, such as umteen of the elements contained in the subordination environment, insecurity mensuratement, and monitoring components, present an overarching impact on most major types of minutes in each proceeding cycle.For example, an ineffective board of directors or bear offments failure to have any process to appoint, assess, or manage key lucks, has the probable to undermine stops for most of the transaction- associate audit neutrals. Thus, he atomic number 18rs generally assess entity-level pick ups to begin with assessing transaction specific obtains. Once meeters determine that entity-level declares argon intentional and couchd in operation, they next make a preliminary perspicacity for each transaction-related audit objective for each major type of transaction in each transaction cycle.For example, in the gross gross gross sales and collection cycle, the types of minutes usually posit sales, sales returns and al let outances, notes receipts, and the provision for and write-off of uncollectible accounts. The auditor alike makes the preliminary appraisal for controls affecting audit objectives for brace sheet accounts and first appearances many an(prenominal) auditors physical exertion a control risk hyaloplasm to assist in the control risk assessment process at the transaction level. The purpose is to ply a convenient way to constitute assessing control risk for each audit objective. the control risk ground substance for transaction-related audit objectives, auditors wasting disease a similar control risk intercellular substance form at to assess control risk for balance-related and presentation and disclosure-related audit objectives. fall upon Audit ObjectivesThe first step in the assessment is to identify the audit objectives for classes of transactions, account balances, and presentation and dis closure to which the assessment applies. For example, this is done for classes of transactions by applying the specific transaction-related audit objectives introduced earlier, which were stated in general form, to each major type of transaction for the entity. For example, the auditor makes an assessment of the occurrence objective for sales and a separate assessment of the completeness objective.Identify Existing guaranteesNext, the auditor physical exercises the instruction discussed in the previous section on amazeing and documenting an correspondence of internal control to identify the controls that contri scarcelye to accomplishing transaction-related audit objectives. champion way for the auditor to do t his is to identify controls to recompense each objective. For example, the auditor can put on liveledge of the clients system to identify controls that argon likely to prevent errors or fraud in the occurrence transaction-related audit objective. The alike(p) issue can be done for all early(a)(a) objectives. It is in any case instrumental for the auditor to subprogram the five control activities (separation of duties, proper authorization,Adequate documents and records, animal(prenominal) control over assets and records, and Independent checks on arrangeance) as reminders of controls.For example Is in that respect adequate separation of duties and how is it achieved? be transactions properly authorized? Are pre-numbered documents properly accounted for? Are key master files properly restricted from unofficial accession? The auditor should identify and accommodate scarce those controls that ar expect to have the grea prove effect on meeting the transaction-rela ted audit objectives. These are practically called key controls. The reason for including only key controls is that they will be ample to achieve the transaction-related audit objectives and also provide audit efficiency. tie in Controls with Related Audit ObjectivesEach control satisfies one or much related audit objectives. This can be seen for transaction-relatedaudit objectives. The body of the matrix is apply to show how each control contri just nowes To the accomplishment of one or much transaction-related audit objectives. In this , a C was entered in each cellphone where a control partially or fully well-to-do an bjective. A similar control risk matrix would be completed for balance-related and presentation and disclosure-related audit objectives.For example, the mailing of statements to clients satisfies iii objectives in the audit of Hillsburg Hardware, which is advertd by the spot of each C on the row . Identify and Evaluate Control Deficiencies, Significant Def iciencies, and Material Weaknesses Auditors must evaluate whether key controls are rattlepated in the visualize of internal control over monetary describe as a part of evaluating control risk and the likeliness of pecuniary statement misstatements. Auditing exemplars define three levels of the absence of internal controls1. Control wishing.A control insufficiency exists if the design or operation of controls does not appropriate company personnel to prevent or detect mis-statements on a timely basis in the normal course of exerciseing theirassigned functions. A design deficiency exists if a necessary control is lacking or not properly designed. An operation deficiency exists if a well-designed control does not operate as designed or if the person practiseing the control is in comfortablely qualified or authorized.2. Significant deficiency.A square deficiency exists if one or more control deficiencies exist that is less dangerous than a fabric weakness (defined to a lower place), but important sufficient to virtuousness attention by those responsible for oversight of the companys fiscal account. 3. Material weakness. A material weakness exists if a material deficiency, by itself, or in combination with anformer(a)(prenominal) significant deficiencies, results in a reason able accident that internal control will not prevent or detect material pecuniary statement misstatements on a timely basis.To determine if a significant internal control deficiency or deficiencies are a material weakness, they must be evaluated along 2 dimensions likeliness and significance. If in that respect is more than a sightly possibility (likelihood) that a material misstatement (significance) could result from the significant deficiency or deficiencies, then it is haveed a material weakness. A five-step approach can be utilise to identify deficiencies, significant deficiencies, and Material weaknesses.1. Identify existing controls. Beca intake deficienc ies and material weaknesses are the absence of adequate controls, the auditor must first complete which controls exist. The methods for identifying controls have already been discussed. 2. Identify the absence of key controls. Internal control questionnaires, flow charts, and walk withs are useful tools to identify where controls are lacking and the likelihood of misstatement is at that placefore increased. It is also useful to examine the control risk matrix, such as to look for objectives where there are no or only a few controls to prevent or detect misstatements. 3. Consider the possibility of compensating controls. A compensating control is one Elsewhere in the system that offsets the absence of a key control. A common example in a small line of descent is the active involvement of the owner. When a compensating control exists, there is no longer a significant deficiency or material weakness.4. Decide whether there is a significant deficiency or material weakness. The likeli hood of misstatements and their materiality are employ to evaluate if there are significant deficiencies or material weaknesses. 5. Determine potential misstatements that could result. This step is mean to identify specific misstatements that are likely to result because of the significant deficiency or material weakness. The importance of a significant deficiencyor material weakness is directly related to the likelihood and materiality of potential misstatements. Associate Significant Deficiencies and Material Weaknesses with Related Audit Objectives The same as for controls, each significant deficiency or material weakness can apply to one or more related audit objectives. In the case of Hillsburg, there are two significant deficiencies, and each applies to only one transaction-related objective. The significant deficiencies are shown in the body of the figure by a D in the appropriate objective column.Assess Control Risk for Each Related Audit ObjectiveAfter controls, significa nt deficiencies, and material weaknesses are set and associated with transaction-related audit objectives, the auditor can assess control risk for transaction related audit objectives. This is the critical last in the evaluation of internal control. The auditor uses all of the information discussed antecedently to make a subjective control risk assessment for each objective. in that respect are disagreeent ways to express this assessment. Some auditors use a subjective expression such as high, moderate, or low. Others use numerical probabilities such as 1.0, 0.6, or 0.2. Again, the control risk matrix is a useful tool for making the assessment. This assessment is not the final examination one. Before making the final assessment at the end of the unified audit, the auditor will raise controls and perform solid outpourings.These Procedures can either stand out the preliminary assessment or cause the auditor to make changes. In some cases, management can correct deficiencie s and material weaknesses before the auditor does significant canvasing, which whitethorn permit a reduction in control risk. After a preliminary assessment of control risk is do for sales and cash receipts, the auditor can complete the three control risk rows of the evidence- cooking worksheet . If runs of controls results do not fill-in the preliminary assessment of control risk, the auditor must modify the worksheet later. Alternatively, the auditor can spread over until tests of controls are done to complete the three control risk rows of the worksheet. As part of fellow feeling internal control and assessing control risk, the auditor is needed to communicate certain matters to those charged with cheek. This Information and other recommendations near controls are also often communicated to management.Communications to ThoseCharged With GovernanceThe auditor must communicate significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in writing to those charged with governance as soon as the auditor becomes aware of their existence. The communication is usually addressed to the audit committee and to management. Timely communications may provide management an opportunity to address control deficiencies before managements report on internal control must be issued. In some instances, deficiencies can be corrected sufficiently early such that two management and the auditor can conclude that controls are run effectively as of the balance sheet see. Regardless, these communications must be made no later than 60 days keeping the audit report release.Management LettersIn addition to these matters, auditors often identify less significant internal control-related issues, as well as opportunities for the client to make operational improvements. These should also be communicated to the client. The form of communication is often a separate letter for that purpose, called a management letter. Although management earn are not infallible by auditing standards, aud itors generally prepare them as a value-added service of the audit.Test of controlsWeve examined how auditors link controls, significant deficiencies, and material Weaknesses in internal control to related audit objectives to assess control risk for each objective. Now well address how auditors test those controls that are used to support a control risk assessment. For example, each key control that the auditor intends to affirm on to support a control risk of moderate or low must be supported by sufficient tests of controls. We will deal with tests of controls for two audits of internal control for pecuniary reporting and audits of financial statements. Assessing control risk requires the auditor to consider both the design and operation of controls to evaluate whether they will likely be effective in meeting related audit objectives. During the savvy phase, the auditor will have already gathered some evidence in support of both the design of the controls and their implementat ion by using subprograms to obtain an understanding .In most cases, the auditor will not have gatheredenough evidence to reduce assessed control risk to a sufficiently low level. The auditor must thusly obtain additional evidence s get downly the run(a) effectiveness of controls end-to-end all, or at least most, of the limit under audit. The social occasions to test effectiveness of controls in support of a trim assessed control risk are called tests of controls. If the results of tests of controls support the design and operation of controls as expected, the auditor uses the same assessed control risk as the preliminary assessment.If, however, the tests of controls indicate that the controls did not operate effectively, the assessed control risk must be reconsidered. For example, the tests may indicate that the application of a control was curtailed midway through the category or that the person applying it made frequent misstatements. In such situations, the auditor uses a higher assessed control risk, unless compensating controls for the same related audit objectives are identified and found to be effective. Of course, the auditor must also consider the impact of those controls that are not operating(a)(a) effectively on the auditors Report on internal control.Procedures for Tests of ControlsThe auditor is likely to use cardinal types of procedures to support the operating effectiveness of internal controls. Managements testing of internal control will likely let in the same types of procedures. The 4 types of procedures are as follows 1. fasten inquiries of appropriate client personnel. Although motion is not a highly reliable source of evidence about the effective operation of controls, it is still appropriate. For example, to determine that unauthorized personnel are denied access to electronic computer files, the auditor may make inquiries of the person who controls the computer library and of the person who controls online access security password assignments.2. Examine documents, records, and reports. Many controls leave a clear trail of documentary evidence that can be used to test controls. Suppose, for example, that when a customer order is received, it is used to create a customer sales order, which is approved for doctrine. Then the customer order is attached to the sales order as authorization for tho processing. The auditor can test the control by examining the documents to make sure that they are complete and properly matched and that required signatures or initials are present. 3. hold on control-relatedactivities. Some controls do not leave an evidence trail, which means that it is not possible to examine evidence that the control was executed at a later date. For example, separation of duties relies on specific persons performing specific tasks, and there is typically no documentation of the separate murder. For controls that leave no documentary evidence, the auditor generally observes them being ap plied at various points during the year.4. Reperform client procedures. There are also control-related activities for which there are related documents and records, but their content is insufficient for the auditors purpose of assessing whether controls are operating effectively. For example, assume that prices on sales invoices are obtained from the master price list, but no indication of the control is documented on the sales invoices. In these cases, it is common for the auditor to reperform the control activity to see whether the proper results were obtained. For this example, the auditor can re perform the procedure by tracing the sales prices to the authorized price list in effect at the date of the transaction. If no misstatements are found, the auditor can conclude that the procedure . tip of ProceduresThe completion to which tests of controls are applied depends on the preliminary assessed control risk. If the auditor wants a lower assessed control risk, more extensive te sts of controls are applied, both in terms of the number of controls tested and the outcome of the tests for each control. For example, if the auditor wants to use a low assessed control risk, a stupendousr attempt size for documentation, observation, and re exercise procedures should be applied. The extent of testing also depends on the frequency of the operation of the controls, and whether it is manual(a) or machine-driven.Reliance on secern from the Prior Years AuditWhen auditors plan to use evidence about the operating effectiveness of internal control obtained in foregoing audits, auditing standards require tests of the controls effectiveness at least every tertiary year. If auditors determine that a key control has been changed since it was last tested, they should test it in the current year. When there are a number of controls tested in prior audits that have not been changed, auditing standardsrequire auditors to test some of those controls each year to ensure the re is a rotation of controls testing throughout the three year level.Testing of Controls Related to Significant RisksSignificant risks are those risks that the auditor believes require special audit consideration. When the auditors risk assessment procedures identify significant risks, the auditor is required to test the operating effectiveness of controls that mitigate these risks in the current year audit, if the auditor plans to believe on those controls to support a control risk assessment below 100%. The greater the risk, the more audit evidence the auditor should obtain that controls are operating effectively.Testing Less Than the Entire Audit stop yield that managements report on internal control deals with the effectiveness of internal controls as of the end of the fiscal year. PCAOB Standard 5 requires the auditor to perform tests of controls that are adequate to determine whether controls are operating effectively at year-end. The timing of the auditors tests of control s will therefore depend on the nature of the controls and when the company uses them. For controls that are applied throughout the accounting period, it is usually practical to test them at an interim date. The auditor will then determine later if changes in controls occurred in the period not tested and decide the implication of any change. Controls dealing with financial statement preparation occur only quarterly or at year-end and must therefore also be tested at quarter and year-end.Relationship between Tests of Controls and Procedures to Obtaining Understanding There is a significant overlap between tests of controls and procedures to obtain an understanding. Both include inquiry, documentation, and observation. There are two primary differences in the application of these common procedures. 1. In obtaining an understanding of internal control, the procedures to obtain an understanding are applied to all controls identified during that phase. Tests of controls, on the other han d, are applied only when the assessed control risk has not been satisfied by the procedures to obtain an understanding. 2. Procedures to obtain anunderstanding are performed only on one or a few transactions or, in the case of observations, at a single point in time. Tests of controls are performed on larger samples of transactions (perhaps 20 to 100), and often, observations are made at more than one point in time.For key controls, tests of controls other than re performance are essentially an Extension of procedures to obtain an understanding. Therefore, take for granted the auditors plan to obtain a low assessed control risk from the ancestry of the integrated audit, they will likely combine both types of procedures and perform them simultaneously. One option is to perform the audit procedures separately, where minimum procedures to obtain an understanding of design and operation are performed, followed by additional tests of controls. An alternative is to combine both columns and do them simultaneously. The same amount of evidence is accumulated in the indorse approach, but more efficiently. The determination of the appropriate sample size for tests of controls is an important audit decisions.Detection risk and the design of all important(p) testsWeve focused on how auditors assess control risk for each related audit objective and support control risk assessments with tests of controls. The completion of these activities is sufficient for the audit of internal control over financial reporting, even though the report will not be finalized until the auditor completes the audit of financial statements. The auditor uses the control risk assessment and results of tests of controls to determine planned detection risk and related of the essence(p) tests for the audit of financial statements. The auditor does this by linking the control risk assessments to the balance related audit objectives for the accounts affected by the major transaction types and to the four presentations and disclosure audit objectives. The appropriate level of detection risk for each balance-related audit objective is then decided using the audit risk model. The relationship of transaction-related audit objectives to balance-related audit objectives and the preferion and design of audit procedures for solid tests of financial statement.Types of testIn developing an overall audit plan, auditors use five types of tests to determine whether financial statements are fairly stated. Auditors use riskassessment procedures to assess the risk of material misstatement, pretended by the combination of infixed risk and control risk. The other four types of tests represent further audit procedures performed in response to the risks identified. Each audit procedure falls into one, and sometimes more than one, of these five categories. configuration 13-1 shows the relationship of the four types of further audit procedures to the audit risk model. As take care 13-1 illust rates, tests of controls are performed to support a reduced assessment of control risk, while auditors use uninflected procedures and tests of dilate of balances to satisfy planned detection risk. Substantive tests of transactions affect both control risk and planned detection risk, because they test the effectiveness of internal controls and the dollar bill mark amounts of transactions.Risk Assessment ProceduresTThe second standard of fieldwork requires the auditor to obtain an understanding of the entity and its environment, including its internal control, to assess the risk of material misstatement in the clients financial statements. Risk assessment procedures are performed to assess the risk of material misstatement in the financial statements. The auditor performs tests of controls, satisfying tests of transactions, analytical procedures, and tests of expound of balances in response to the auditors assessment of the risk of material misstatements.The combination of these our types of further audit procedures provides the basis for the auditors opinion, as illustrated by ensure 13-1. A major part of the auditors risk assessment procedures are done to obtain an Understanding of internal control. Procedures to obtain an understanding of internal control were canvass and focus on both the design and implementation of internal control and are used to assess control risk for each transaction-related audit objectively Tests of ControlsEThe auditors understanding of internal control is used to assess control risk for each transaction-related audit objective. Examples are assessing the true statement objective for sales transactions as low and the occurrence objective as moderate. When control policies and procedures are believed to be effectively designed, the auditor assesses control risk at a level that reflects the relation back effectiveness of those controls. To obtain sufficientappropriate evidence to support that assessment, the auditor performs tests of controls.S Tests of controls, either manual or automated, may include the following types of evidence. ( visor that the first three procedures are the same as those used to obtain an understanding of internal control.) Make inquiries of appropriate client personnel Examine documents, records, and reports witness control-related activities Reperform client proceduresAuditors perform a system walkthrough as part of procedures to obtain an under standing to attend them determine whether controls are in place. The walkthrough is normally applied to one or a few transactions and follows that transaction through the intact process. For example, the auditor may select one sales transaction for a system walk through of the credit approval process, then follow the credit approval process from trigger of the sales transaction through the granting of credit. Tests of controls are also used to determine whether these controls are effective and usually involve testing a sample o f transactions. As a test of the operating effectiveness of the credit approval process, for example, the auditor might examine a sample of 50 sales transactions from throughout the year to determine whether credit was granted before the shipment of goods.Procedures to obtain an understanding of internal control generally do not provide sufficient appropriate evidence that a control is operating effectively. An exception may apply for automated controls because of their consistent performance. The auditors procedures to determine whether the automated control has been implemented may also serve as the test of that control, if the auditor determines there is minimal risk that the automated control has been changed since the understanding was obtained. Then, no additional tests of controls would be required. The amount of additional evidence required for tests of controls depends on two things 1. The extent of evidence obtained in gaining the understanding of internal control2. The pl anned reduction in control riskFigure 13-2 (p. 406) shows the role of tests of controls in the audit of the sales and collection cycle relative to other tests performed to providesufficient appropriate evidence for the auditors opinion. Note the un shaded circles with the words Audited by TOC. For simplicity, we make two assumptions Only sales and cash receipts trans actions and three general ledger balances make up the sales and collection cycle and the beginning balances in cash and accounts due were audited in the previous year and are considered correct. If auditors verify that sales and cash receipts transactions are correctly put down in the accounting records and posted to the general ledger, they can conclude that the culture balances in accounts receivable and sales are correct.(Cash disbursements transactions will OF have to be audited before the auditor can reach a conclusion about the destination balance in the cash account.) One way the auditor can verify recording of transactions is to perform tests of controls. If controls are in place over sales and cash receipts transactions, the auditor can perform tests of controls to determine whether the sextet transaction-related audit objectives are being met for that cycle. Substantive tests of transactions, which we will examine in the next section, also affect audit office for sales and cash receipts transactions.Substantive Tests of TransactionsSTSSubstantive tests are procedures designed to test for dollar misstatements (often called monetary misstatements) that directly affect the correctness of financial statement balances. Auditors rely on three types of all-important(a) tests essential tests of transactions, all important(p) analytical procedures, and tests of details of balances. Substantive tests of transactions are used to determine whether all six transactions related audit objectives have been satisfied for each class of transactions. Two of those objectives for sales transactions are recorded sales transactions exist (occurrence objective) and existing sales transactions are recorded (completeness objective for the six transaction-related audit objectives.When auditors are confident that all transactions were correctly recorded in the journals and correctly posted, considering all six transaction-related audit objectives, they can be confident that general ledger totals are correct. Figure 13-2 illustrates the role of hearty tests of transactions in the audit of the sales and collection cycle by lightly shaded circles with the words Audited by STOT. Observe that both tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions are performed for transactions in the cycle, not on the ending accountbalances. The auditor verifies the recording and summarizing of sales and cash receipts transactions by performing substantive tests of transactions. Figure 13-2 shows one set of tests for sales and another for cash receipts.Analytical Proceduresanalytical procedures in volve equivalences of recorded amounts to expectations certain by the auditor. Auditing standards require that they be done during planning and completing the audit. Although not required, analytical procedures may also be performed to audit an account balance. The two most important purposes of analytical procedures in the audit of account balances are to 1. Indicate possible misstatements in the financial statements2. interpret substantive evidenceAnalytical procedures done during planning typically differ from those done in the testing phase. Even if, for example, auditors calculate the gross border during planning, they probably do it using interim data. Later, during the tests of the ending balances, they will work out the ratio using full-year data. If auditors believe that analytical procedures indicate a sightly possibility of misstatement, they may perform additional analytical procedures or decide to modify tests of details of balances. When the auditor develops expe ctations using analytical procedures and concludes that the clients ending balances in certain accounts appear reasonable, certain tests of details of balances may be eliminated or sample sizes reduced.Auditing standards state that analytical procedures are a type of substantive test (referred to as substantive analytical procedures), when they are performed to provide evidence about an account balance. The Extent to which auditors may be willing to rely on substantive analytical procedures in support of an account balance depends on several factors, including the precision of the expectation developed by the auditor, materiality, and the risk of material misstatement. Figure 13-2 illustrates the role of substantive analytical procedures in the audit of the sales and collection cycle by the tail shaded circles with the words Audited by AP. Observe that the auditor performs substantive analytical procedures on sales and Cash receipts transactions, as well as on the ending balances o f the accounts in the cycle.Tests of Details of BalancesTests of details of balances focus on the ending general ledger balances for both balance sheet and income statement accounts. The primary emphasis in most tests of details of balances is on the balance sheet. Examples include confirmation of customer balances for accounts receivable, physical examination of inventory, and examination of vendors statements for accounts payable. Tests of ending balances are essential because the evidence is usually obtained from a source independent of the client, which is considered highly reliable. Much like for transactions, the auditors tests of details of balances must satisfy all balance-related audit objectives for each significant balance sheet account.Figure 13-2 illustrates the role of tests of details of balances by the circles with half dark and half light shading and the words Audited by TDB. Auditors perform detailed tests of the ending balances for sales and accounts receivable, i ncluding procedures such as confirmation of account receivable balances and sales shortcut tests. The extent of these tests depends on the results of tests of controls, substantive tests of transactions, and substantive analytical procedures for these accounts. Tests of details of balances help establish the monetary correctness of the accounts they relate to and therefore are substantive tests. For example, confirmations test for monetary misstatements in accounts receivable and are therefore substantive tests. Similarly, counts of inventory and cash on hand are also substantive tests.OSelect the appropriate types of audit testsTypically, auditors use all five types of tests when performing an audit of the financial statements, but certain types may be emphasized, depending on the circumstances. Recall that risk assessment procedures are required in all audits to assess the risk of material misstatement while the other four types of tests are performed in response to the risks iden tified to provide the basis for the auditors opinion. Note also that only risk assessment procedures, especially procedures to obtain an understanding of controls, and tests of controls are performed in an audit of internal control over financial reporting. Several factors influence the auditors choice of the types of tests to select, including the availability of the eight types of evidence, the relative tolls of each type of test, the effectiveness ofinternal controls, and constitutional risks. Only the first two are discussed further because the last two were discussed in earlier chapters. Availability of Types of Evidence for Further Audit Procedures OEach of the four types of further audit procedures involves only certain types of evidence (confirmation, documentation, and so forth. much types of evidence, six in total, are used for tests of details of balances than for any other type of test. Only tests of details of balances involve physical examination and confirmation. Inquiries of the client are made for every type of test. Documentation is used in every type of test except analytical procedures. Re performance is used in every type of test except analytical procedures. Auditors may re perform a control as part of a transaction walkthrough or to test a control that is not supported by sufficient documentary evidence. Recalculation is used to verify the numerical accuracy of transactions when per forming substantive test of transactions and account balances when per forming tests of details of balances.Relative CostsWhen auditors must decide which type of test to select for obtaining sufficient appropriate evidence, the cost of the evidence is an important consideration. The types of tests are listed below in order of increasing cost Analytical procedures Risk assessment procedures, including procedures to obtain an understanding of internal control Tests of controls Substantive tests of transactions Tests of details of balancesAnalytical pr ocedures are the least expensive because of the relative ease of making calculations and comparisons. Often, considerable information about potential misstatements can be obtained by simply comparing two or three numbers. Risk assessment procedures, including procedures to obtain an understanding of internal control, are not as costly as other audit tests because auditors can easily make inquiries and observations and perform planning analytical procedures. Also, examining such things as documentssummarizing the clients business operations and processes and management and governance structure are relatively cheaper than other audit tests. Because tests of controls also involve inquiry, observation, and inspection, their relative costs are also low compared to substantive tests.However, tests of controls are more costly relative to the auditors risk assessment procedures due to a greater extent of testing required to obtain evidence that a control is operating effectively, especiall y when those tests of controls involve re performance. Often, auditors can perform a large number of tests of controls readily using audit software. Such software can test controls in clients computerized accounting systems, such as in computerized accounts receivable systems that automatically authorize sales to existing customers by comparing the proposed sales amount and existing accounts receivable balance with the customers credit limit. Substantive tests of transactions cost more than tests of controls that do not include re performance because the former often require recalculations and tracings.In a computerized environment, however, the auditor can often perform substantive tests of transactions quickly for a large sample of transactions. Tests of details of balances almost always cost considerably more than any of the Other types of procedures because of the cost of procedures such as sending confirmations and counting inventories. Because of the high cost of tests of det ails of balances, auditors usually try to plan the audit to minimize their use. Naturally, the cost of each type of evidence varies in different situations. For example, the cost of an auditors test-counting inventory (a substantive test of the details of the inventory balance) often depends on the type and dollar value of the Inventory, its location, and the number of different items.Relationship between Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests To cleanse understand tests of controls and substantive tests, lets examine how they differ. An exception in a test of control only indicates the likelihood of misstatements affecting the dollar value of the financial statements, whereas an exception in a substantive test of transactions or a test of details of balances is a financial statement misstatement. Exceptions in tests of controls are called control test deviations. From the three levels of control deficiencies deficiencies, significant deficiencies, andmaterial weaknesses. Auditors are most likely to believe material dollar misstatements exist in the financial statements when control test deviations are considered to be significant deficiencies or material weaknesses. Auditors should then perform substantive tests of transactions or tests of details of balances to determine whether material dollar misstatements have actually occurred.Assume that the clients controls require an independent salesclerk to verify the quantity, price, and extension of each sales invoice, after which the clerk must initial the duplicate invoice to indicate performance. A test of control audit procedure is to inspect a sample of duplicate sales invoices for the initials of the person who verified the information. If a significant number of documents lack initials, the auditor should consider implications for the audit of internal control over financial reporting and follow up with substantive tests for the financial statement audit. This can be done by extending tests of duplicate sales invoices to include verifying prices, extensions, and footings (substantive tests of transactions) or by increasing the sample size for the confirmation of accounts receivable (substantive test of details of balances).Even though the control is not operating effectively, the invoices may still be correct, especially if the person originally preparing On the other hand, if no documents or only a few of them are missing initials, the control will be considered effective and the auditor can therefore reduce substantive tests of transactions and tests of details of balances. However, some re performance and recalculation substantive tests are still necessary to provide the auditor government agency that the clerk did not initial documents without actually performing the control procedure or performed it carelessly. Because of the need to complete some re performance and recalculation tests, many auditors perform them as a part of the original tests of controls. Others wait until they know the results of the tests of controls and then determine the total sample size needed.Relationship between Analytical Procedures and Substantive Tests Like tests of controls, analytical procedures only indicate the likelihood of misstatements affecting the dollar value of the financial statements. Unusual fluctuations in the relationships of an account to other accounts, or to nonfinancial information, may indicate an increased likelihood that material misstatements exist without necessarily providing direct evidence of amaterial misstatement. When analytical procedures identify unusual fluctuations, auditors should perform substantive tests of transactions or tests of details of balances to determine whether dollar misstatements have actually occurred.If the auditor performs substantive analytical procedures and believes that the likelihood of material misstatement is low, other substantive tests can be reduced. For accounts with small balances and only minimal potential f or material misstatements, such as many supplies and prepaid expense accounts, auditors often limit their tests to substantive analytical procedures if they conclude the accounts are reasonably stated.Trade-Off between Tests of Controls and Substantive TestsThere is a trade-off between tests of controls and substantive tests. During planning, auditors decide whether to assess control risk below the maximum. When they do, they must then perform tests of controls to determine whether the assessed level of control risk is supported. (They must always perform test of controls in an audit of internal control over financial reporting.) If tests of controls support the control risk assessment, planned detection risk in the audit risk model is increased, and planned substantive tests can therefore be reduced. Figure 13-3 shows the relationship between substantive tests and control risk assessment (including tests of controls) at differing levels of internal control effectivenessImpact of in formation technology on audit testingAuditing standards provide guidance for auditors of entities that transmit process, maintain, or access significant information electronically. Examples of electronic evidence include records of electronic inventory transfers and purchase orders transmitted through electronic data interchange (EDI). Evidence of the performance of automated controls, such as the computers comparison of proposed sales orders to customer credit limits, may also only be in electronic form. The standards recognize that when a significant amount of audit evidence exists in electronic form, it may not be practical or possible to reduce detection risk to an acceptable level by performing only substantive tests. For example, the potential for improper initiation or alteration of information may be greater if information is maintained only in electronic form.In these circumstances, the auditor should performtests of controls to gather evidence in support of an assessed le vel of control risk below maximum for the affected financial statement assertions. Although some substantive tests are still required, the auditor can significantly reduce substantive tests if the results of tests of controls support the effectiveness of controls. In the audit of a larger everyday company, computer-performed controls (these are called automated controls) must be tested if the auditor considers them to be key controls for reducing the likelihood of material misstatements in the financial statements. Because of the inherent consistency of IT processing, however, the auditor may be able to reduce the extent of testing of an automated control.For example, software based control is almost certain to function consistently unless the program is changed. Once auditors determine an automated control is functioning properly, they can focus subsequent tests on assessing whether any changes have occurred that will limit the effectiveness of the control. Such tests might includ e find whether any changes have occurred to the program and whether these changes were properly authorized and tested prior to implementation. This approach leads to significant audit efficiencies when the auditor determines that automated controls tested in the prior years audit have not been changed and continue to be subject to effective general controls.To test automated controls or data, the auditor may need to use computer-assisted audit techniques or use reports produced by IT to test the operating effectiveness of IT general controls, such as program change controls and access controls. In many cases, testing of automated controls may be performed by IT audit specialists. When auditors test manual controls that rely on IT-generated reports, they must consider both the Effectiveness of managements review and automated controls over the accuracy of Information in the report.

In what ways did popular culture Essay

The deflexion profiteers encouraged a fai ade of classlessness which would subvert working class solidarity 3. This was not good for communism for a collectivised state to emerge, the workers themselves need to take control. Socialism rests on the premise that the proletariat should be aware and proud of their back desktop, and certainly not aspire to reefer the middle classes, the ones who are expected to be overthrown. Its interesting that the recommended alternatives to commercial-gradeised entertainment, put foreword by socialists in the late 19th century, were frequently related to the natural computeryside.For example, the play (The weekly socialist paper founded in 1891 by Robert and Montague Blatchford and influenced by the ideas of William Morris) soon became a movement with its own hiking, arise and cycling clubs. This unemployedly, back to spirit approach was in feeded to promote a healthy life and portray its followers as energetic campaigners, who could r ise their backs on the urban squalor. According to David Prynn, such roots expressed a standoff against the ugliness and anonymity of urbanised, industrial society, and a deep reverence for nature4.Nowhere were the negative effects of capitalism much than visible than in the industrial towns and Engels describes this in detail in The Condition Of The Working curriculum In England. British socialists were likely to rush been influenced by this key red ink text. However, despite the popularity of the Clarion clubs, the easy availability and convenience of commercial entertainment must have contest a transgress in preventing more from joining. Why would somebody, after a hard weeks work, command to travel out of the town when the pub, theatre or football ground was just round the corner?And the energetic nature of socialist pas periods (such as choir singing, cycling, hiking) did not really lend itself to the physically demanding shifts in the factories, mines and mills. me dication medicinal drug house entertainment was another realm of commercial recreation considered by socialist thinking as unhealthy passive entertainment. The disjunction between performer on the stage and paying spectator in the audience discouraged the working class from making their own music. To socialists, the commercial revolution had eradicated a viable popular musical culture5. unison halls were seen as a threat to local performers and travelling showmen.Music played an important part in socialist circles, as it was recognised as arguably the most popular form of entertainment. Alternatives to Music hall shows were group choirs (For example, the nationwide Clarion Vocal Union) and sing-along political compositions, which not only emphasized community spirit by encouraging participation, but also were seen as essential for propaganda value, the lyrics instilling in people the ideas of the socialist cause. Music hall attendance, and the nature of the entertainment there, was therefore viewed as counter-productive to the cause.The music hall acts themselves would tend to reaffirm bourgeoisie values by reflecting eitherday life and the songs could but be considered as inflammatory. According to John Kenrick With women and children in the audience, the material was never more than mildly risqui. The songs were mostly sentimental and/or comic takes on everyday life, as well as spoofs of the rich and famous. 6 Furthermore, the mixture and variation of music hall acts was not good for creating a putting green musical heritage7, which was seen as important in cementing working-class unity. syndicate songs were added to the socialist repertoire, considered to be timeless songs of the people. Conclusion The rising popularity of British socialism and its accompanying clubs and associations demonstrates that the working classes were not entirely diverted away from socialism, as this essay question suggests. Socialism (which, after all, was a new noble-min dedness in the late 19th century, and was born in the midst of the hot growing industrial nation in the world and found itself having to compete with that nations capitalist values) never went away and continued to grow in authorization through the next century.However, forces existed, of which commercial entertainment was one, which prevented socialism from being as popular as it might have been. As sport and leisure became new fields of investment for entrepreneurs, capitalism became an even bigger part of life for the masses. The money they made from wages was put back into the strategy via paid-for entertainment. The other reasons that Socialists were unable to win over more of the masses could be linked to the types of leisure activities they put foreword.These activities were physically demanding, as I have already explained, but also they were arguably the type of leisure enjoyed by the middle classes. The unintended result of this was that movements like Blatchfords tende d to attract more middle class socialists, and had less appeal to the working classes. Socialists advocated leisure time spent in the countryside but to travel out of the city every weekend could also have been regarded as the privilege of the middle class. perhaps socialists needed to start their campaigns from within the towns where the workers lived, not from outside them.Word count = 1560 Bibliography Waters, C British Socialists and the political relation of Popular Culture Manchester University press, 1990 Prynn, D The Clarion Clubs, tangential and the Holiday Associations in Britain since the 1890s Journal of Contemporary write up 11,1976 Benson, J The Working Class in England 1875 1914 Croom Helm, 1985 Marx and Engels The Manifesto of the Communist caller Progress, 1952 Engels, F The Condition Of The Working Class In England Oxford University Press, 1993 John Kenrick The British Music Hall http//www. musicals101. com/musichall. htmJames Sotheran SOCHI2036 IN WHAT WAYS DID POPULAR agriculture AND PEOPLES PASTIMES DIVERT THE WORKING CLASS AWAY FROM communism? Module Leader Ray Physick 1 Waters, C British Socialists and the Politics of Popular Culture Manchester University press, 1990, (P. 23) 2 Same as 1 (P. 44-50) 3 Same as 1 (P. 40) 4 Prynn, D The Clarion Clubs, Rambling and the Holiday Associations in Britain since the 1890s Journal of Contemporary History 11,1976 (P. 65) 5 Same as 1 (P. 103) 6 John Kenrick The British Music Hall http//www. musicals101. com/musichall. htm 7 Same as 1 (P. 105).

Features of an environment or service promotes Essay

Play demesnes twain indoor and outdoor al ports attract children and is an excellent source to win them to use their learning senses, abilities and skills. Number of different entertaining and creative profligacy opportunities should be interpretd by the practitioners which make these argonas interesting and virtu eithery appealing. Practitioners and play areas should be well planned and organised in such a way that ch in allenge childrens abilities, keep childrens interests intact and consistent, and focus nigh the childrens requirements , as every single child is unique and gravel their own needs, interest, personality and preference. Early years foundation stage (EYFS) requires tantrums that provides the personalised activity and play opportunities for children in ways which are inclusive. The settings also provide opportunity for practitioners to think critically and constructively active what is beneficial unitedly with what is assessable for children as well as what is available for children. In addition, EYFS requires that practitioners boost children to actively participate in all the activities which help and support us to shaping up a childs attitude.Furthermore, practitioners have to ascertain at different ways of helping children, learn about tolerate behaviour, respecting and valuing others, promoting equality, diversity and cooperation. This is also very essential that such settings must also meet EYFS statutory framework, health and safety legislation child protection, safeguarding of children, all the childrens act, for example UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). The play area setting should have policies and procedures that need to be reviewed updated and evaluated to check reliability and effectiveness. The setting needs to give children number of new opportunities to play in movement and at the same time make practitioners to think more about fun and learn activities and ideas. Practitioners give special considera tion to both singular and group needs of our children with their daily activities. Practitioners also pay attention to divers(a) risks involve during any play activity to make sure that the children are safe and thus give adult supervision at all times. This also bring forward children to evaluate risksfor themselves and for others for example by giving children round challenging activities that involve minimal risk. Parents and carers should always be welcomed to support and encourage their children during the activity.

Fast Moving Consumer Goods Essay

FMCG are products that overhear a quick shelf turnover, at relatively low-cost and dont require a take of thought, time and financial investiture to purchase. The margin of profit on each(prenominal) individual FMCG product is less. However the huge number of goods sold is what makes the difference. thusly profit in FMCG goods always translates to number of goods sold. Fast Moving Consumer Goods is a classification that refers to a wide range of frequently purchased consumer products including toiletries, soaps, cosmetics, teeth change products, shaving products, detergents, opposite non-dur fitteds much(prenominal)(prenominal) as glassware, bulbs, batteries, paper products and plastic goods, such as buckets. Fast Moving is in opposition to consumer durables such as kitchen appliances that are generally replaced less than one time a year. The folk may include pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics and packaged food products and drinks, although these are of ten categorized separately.The term Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) is used interchangeably with Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). terzetto of the largest and best known examples of Fast Moving Consumer Goods companies are Nestl, Unilever and Procter & run a risk. Examples of FMCGs are diffuse drinks, tissue paper, and chocolate bars. Examples of FMCG brands are Coca-Cola, Kleenex, Pepsi and Believe. The FMCG area re familiarizes consumer goods required for daily or frequent use. The main segments of this sector are individualized care (oral care, tomentum care, soaps, cosmetics, toiletries), household care (fabric wash and household cleaners), branded and packaged food, beverages (health beverages, flaccid drinks, staples, cereals, dairy products, chocolates, bakery products) and tobacco. The Indian FMCG sector is an consequential contributor to the soils GDP. It is the fourth largest sector in the economy and is responsible for5% of the total factory exercising in India.The industry als o creates employment for 3 people in downstream activities, much of which is disbursed in microscopic towns and agricultural India. This industry has witnessed strong growth in the past decade. This has been due(p) to liberalization, urbanization, increase in the disposable incomes and altered lifestyle. Further much, the boom has also been fuelled by the reduction in excise duties, de-reservation from the small-scale sector and the concerted efforts of personal care companies to attract the burgeoning affluent segment in the middle-class by product and packaging innovations. Unlike the perception that the FMCG sector is a maker of luxury items targeted at the elite, in reality, the sector fill ups the e reallyday needs of the masses. The lower-middle income radical accounts for over 60% of the sectors sales. Rural merchandise places account for 56% of the total domestic FMCG demand. Many of the global FMCG majors view as been present in the state for many decades. But in the last ten years, many of the smaller rung Indian FMCG companies have gained in scale. As a result, the unorganized and regional players have witnessed erosion in market ploughshare.History of FMCG in IndiaIn India, companies like ITC, HLL, Colgate, Cadbury and Nestle have been a dominant force in the FMCG sector well supported by relatively less competition and high entry barriers (import job was high). These companies were, therefore, able to charge a premium for their products. In this context, the margins were also on the higher(prenominal) side. With the gradual opening up of the economy over the last decade, FMCG companies have been forced to fight for a market share. In the process, margins have been compromised, more so in the last six years (FMCG sector witnessed counterbalance in demand).Current ScenarioThe growth potential for FMCG companies looks promising over the huge term horizon, as the per-capita employment of almost all products in the country is amongst the lowest in the world. As per the Consumer Survey by KSAT echnopak, of the total consumption expenditure, almost 40% and 8% was accounted by groceries and personal care products respectively. quickurbanization, increased literacy and rising per capita income are the key growth drivers for the sector. Around 45% of the population in India is below 20 years of age and the symmetry of the young population is expected to increase in the next vanadium years. Aspiration levels in this age group have been fuelled by greater media exposure, unleashing a latent demand with more money and anew mindset. In this backdrop, industry estimates suggest that the industry could triple in value by 2015 (by some estimates, the industry could double in size by2010).In our view, examination times for the FMCG sector are over and driving rural discernment will be the key personnel casualty forward. Due to infrastructure constraints (this influences the cost-effectiveness of the allow chain), companie s were unable to grow faster. Although companies like HLL and ITC have dedicated initiatives targeted at the rural market, these are still at a relatively nascent stage. The bottlenecks of the stuffy statistical distribution system are likely to be removed once organized retailing gains in scale. Currently, organized retailing accounts for just 3% of total retail sales and is likely to touch 10% over the next 3-5years. In our view, organized retailing results in discounted prices, forced-buying by fling many choices and also opens up new avenues for growth for the FMCG sector. Given the aggressive expansion plans of players like Pantaloons, Trent ,Shoppers Stop and Shoprite, we are confident that the FMCG sector has a bright future.Budget Measures to Promote FMCG Sector2% development cess corporation tax, excise duties and custom duties Concessional rate of 5% custom duty on tea leaf and coffee plantation machineryBudget ImpactThe preparation cess will add marginally to the tax burden of all FMCG companies The dividend distribution tax on debt funds is likely to adversely affect the other income components of companies like Britannia, Nestle and HLL The measure to abolish excise duty on dairy machinery is a ordained for companies like Nestle Concessional rate for tea and coffee plantation machinery is a positive for Tata Tea, HLL, Tata Coffee and other suchcompaniesTop Ten Players in FMCG Sector Companies-1. Hindustan Unilever Ltd.2. ITC (Indian Tobacco Company)3. Nestl India4. GCMMF (AMUL)5. Dabur India6. Asian Paints (India)7. Cadbury India8. Britannia Industries9. Marico Industries10. Procter & Gamble Hygiene and Health CareIn order to carry step up any look investigation there is a need of a Systematic method and to adopt a well-defined procedure for each and every look there is also a need of methodology. methodological analysis of any research constitutes the selection of representative sample of the universe or the general population, applicati on of the appropriate research tools and the techniques.There is an old say in Spain TO BE A BULLFIGHTER YOU MUST LEARN TO BE BULL means you never really understand a individual until you consider things from his point of view . In the same way to meet and satisfy the target customer the study of customers behavior of crucial important because he is king. Customer behavior studies , how individuals , groups and organizations selected buy use and dispose of goods , services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and Desires.According to JAMES F. FUGAL, Customers behavior consists of the acts of individuals in observe and using goods and services including the decision process that precede and determine these acts.The research involves the following steps-1. DEFINE THE PROBLEM AND RESEARCH OBJECTIVE-If the task is clearly defined, it is one-half solved .The problem/Objective here to measure the scope of rural merchandising for FMCG sector.2 COLLECT THE INFORMATION-The stu dy is collected from secondary sources-websites, magazines, newspapers, and magazines.3- ANLAYZE THE INFORMATION-The next step in the marketing research process is to exact Findings from the collected data.4-PRESENT THE FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS-As the last step, the findings and induction of whole Research are presented in the end.ANALYSISOFFMCGMARKETThe research report offers insights into the dynamics of growth in a competitive market environment. The salient features of development the survey have identified include- The avail has been much more pronounced in volume terms than in value terms for most of the products. One of the greatest achievements make by the FMCG industry has been the sachet bugs which have helped the companies to introduce products in smaller package sizes, at lower price points and reach new users and to expand market share for value added products in urban India. Several cost saving measures, mingled tax benefits, rising demand, good monsoon have helped the industry to achieve positive growth.Most of the multinational companies have started sourcing their products from India. HLL has become the production center in respect of personal consumer products like oral care, skin care products, soap, detergents globally for Unilever. Therehas been a trend from shift to own manufacturing from third troupe manufacturing or procuring goods from third party small-scale manufacturers. Though the companies are going global, they are focusing on the overseas markets like Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Middle eastward and CiS countries because of the lifestyles, consumption habits similar to India. Godrej Consumer, Marico, Dabur, Vicco laboratories are among the companies.The offshoots and mushrooming of regional companies which are posing a threat to bigger FMCG companies like HLL. The rise of Jyothi Laboratories, throwing challenge to Reckitt Benckiser is a shift in point. FMCG market remains highly fragmented with almost half of the market re presenting unbranded, unpackaged home made products. This presents a tremendous probability for makers of branded products who can convert consumers to branded products. There is competition surrounded by the organized and the unorganized sectors in the FMCG sector. Marketing and distribution are very important in FMCG companies. New products require a large investment in product development, market research, and awareness campaign, developing franchise for a new brand advertisements, free samples and product promotions.All these developments have made the consumers strong, who are in a position now to choose a variety of products, from a number of companies, at different price points. dicker power of customers is high. Key factors to success are distribution (in rural markets) and ad (in urban markets). Critical factors for success are the ability to build, develop and verify a robust distribution network. The fact that a lot of women have started looking for specialized produc ts has driven growth. Post liberalization period provided the consumers the chance to make choices amongst the products of domestic companies and imported products

Role of Project Manager

NICMAR ASSIGNMENT ON social occasion OF encounter MANAGERS SUBMITTED BY JHA PRAVIN KUMAR JOSHI SOURABH MALANI GOVIND 221071 221074 221094 GUIDED BY Prof. T. K. GANGULI ACM 22-SECTION 2 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH, PUNE ROLE OF cipher MANAGERS knave 1 NICMAR INDEX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Role of ejection director 2. 1 Planning 2. 2 Organizing 2. 3 Controlling 2. 4 prima(p) 2. 5 Communicating 2. 6 Cognitive functions 2. 7 egotism concern functions 2. 8 Motivational and personal development functions 2. 9 guest awargonness functions 2. 0 Organizational delve functions 2. 11 devise Managers Un positive Job Duties 3. Conclusion varlet no. 3 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 2 NICMAR 1. Introduction 1. 1 ascertain A intention is a temporary endeavor undertaken to achieve a special aim. At the most basic level, a vomit up is substanti each(prenominal)y the reply to a motivation, the solution to a line of work. F urther it is a solution that promises a benefit especially financial benefit. The fundamental purpose for most images is to any make money or save money, hence offers should be financially justifi commensurate.A nominate is temporary in record that have in minds that it has a item start and finish. A tramp consists of a wholesome be collection of small tricks and ordinarily culminates in the creation of an end mathematical product or products. A project is a unique, one time projection it go forth never again be done exactly the kindred way, by the same people, and within the same environment. There will perpetually be some uncertainty associated with the project. This uncertainty represents hazards to your ability to make univocal fancys and predict outcomes with high level of confidence.All projects consume resources in the material body of time, money, materials and labour. 1. 2 wander Management mold centering is the application of knowledge, skill, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirement. The project oversight process calls for the creation of a small organizational (project aggroup), which is often a microcosm of larger organization. Once the police squad has produced desired outcome, the process past calls for the decom electric chargeing of that small organizational structure.The project stochastic vari equal to(p) of organization allows the omnibus to be responsive to The client and the environment recognize and correct problems at an early date Make timely decisions slightly trade-offs between conflicting project goals ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 3 NICMAR Ensure that tutors of the separate tasks that comprise the project do non optimise the coifance of their individual tasks at the expense of the total project- that is, that they do not suboptimize. 1. 3 proposal Manager A project tutor is ordinarily responsible for the success or the failure of the project.They first take ai m to gear up the project and then build its melt down political platform. If the scope of the project is not very clear, or the project is executing poorly, the managing director is held account qualified. However, this does not mean that the motorcoach does all the give-up the ghost by him ego (which is practically impossible). There is an correct team up under the project handler, which helps to achieve all the accusatorys of the project. However, if something goes wrong, the project manager is ultimately accountable. Apart from this, depending on the size and the complexity of the project, they whitethorn need to take on multiple roles.The project manager whitethorn need to assist with gathering honorable mention line requirements, help to design a database counselling system or may prepare project documentation. They may work full time on a large project, or may work part-time on various projects of a smaller nature or may alternatively handle various projects as we ll as handle other responsibilities like business analysis and business development. At times, they may have accountability but not authority. For example, he or she may be using certain resources but powerfulness not have direct ascendancy over those resources.At such(prenominal) times, the manager talent find certain limitations over task execution, which might not take place as they might have liked. non having direct control over the state of finances and finance allotment might cause ambiguity. cipher managers use project management software, such as Microsoft Project, to organize their tasks and workforce. These software packages allow project managers to produce reports and charts in a few minutes, compared to the some(prenominal) hours it can take if they do not use a software package.ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 4 NICMAR In order to be successful, the project manager must be given support and authority by senior management. 2. Role of Project Manager It is the r esponsibility of project manager to make sure that the customer is satisfied and the work scope is completed in a property manner, using compute, and on time. The Project Manager has primary responsibility for providing leadinghip in planning, organizing and controlling the work effort to contact the project objectives.In other words, the project manager provides the leadership to project team to accomplish the project objective. The project manager coordinates the activities of various team members to ensure that they perform the mightily tasks at the proper time, as a cohesive group. The variant roles of project manager are as follows Planning Organizing Controlling Leading Communicating Cognitive functions Self management functions Motivational and personal development functions Customer awareness functions Organizational savvy functions ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERSPage 5 NICMAR 2. 1 Planning First, the project manager intelligibly defines the project objectives an d reaches agreement with the customer on this objective. The manager then communicate this objective to the project team in such a manner as to create a vision of what will constitute successful skill of the objective. The project manager spearheads development of a plan to achieve the project objectives. By involving the project team in developing this plan, the project manager ensures more comprehensive plan than he or she could develop alone.Furthermore, such participation gains the commitment of the team to achieve the plan. The project manager reviews the plan with the customer to gain endorsement and then sets up the project management information system-either manual or computerized-for comparing actual progress to plan progress. Its important that this system be explained to the project team so that the team can use it properly to manage the project. 2. 2 Organizing Organizing involves securing the divert resources to perform the work.First, the project must decide which t asks should be done in-house and which tasks should be done by subcontractors or consultants. For tasks that will be carried out in-house, the project manager gains a commitment from the specific people who will work on the project. For tasks that will be performed by subcontractors, the project manager clearly defines the work scope and deliverables and bring offs a contract with each subcontractor. The project manager also assigns responsibility and delegates authority to specific individuals or subcontractors for the various tasks, with the perceptiveness that they will e accountable for the accomplishment of their tasks within the assigned budget and memorial. For large projects involving many individuals, the project manager may designate leaders for specific group of tasks. Finally, and most important, the task of organizing involves creating an environment in which the individuals are highly motivated to work together as a project team. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 6 NICM AR 2. 3 Controlling To control the project, the project manager implements a management information system designed to track actual progress and compare it with planned progress.Such a system helps the manager distinguish between busy-ness and accomplishments. Project team members manage the progress of their assigned tasks and regularly provide data on progress, schedule and cost. These data are supplemented by regular project review meetings. If actual progress falls behind planned progress or unprovided for(predicate) even upts occur the project manager takes immediate action. He or she obtains stimulant and advice from team members regarding appropriate corrective actions and how to replan those parts of the project.Its important that problems and even potential problems, be identified early and action taken. The project manager cannot take a lets wait and see how things works out approach- things never works out on their own. He or she must covervene and be proactive, res olving problems before they become worse. 2. 4 Leading Project manager fosters development of a common mission and vision to the team members. He should clearly define roles, responsibilities and performance expectations for all his team members. He uses leadership style appropriately to bureau or stage of team development.He should be able to foster coaction among team members. He should provide clear direction and priorities to his team members. He should be efficient enough to remove obstacles that hamper team progress, cooking or effectiveness. He should promote team participation in problem solving and decision making as appropriate. He should pass credit on to team, and promotes their positive visibility to upper management. He should appreciate, promote and leverage the diversity within the team. 2. 5 Communicating ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 7NICMAR The Project Manager should be able to communicate efficaciously with all levels inside and outside of the organizations. He should be able to negotiate fairly and effectively with the customers/subcontractors. He should be able to bring conflicts into the opened and manages it collaboratively and productively with the help of other team members. He should be able to able to influence without relying on coercive power or threats. He should be able to convey ideas and information clearly and concisely, both in writing and orally to all the team members. . 6 Cognitive functions The project manager should identify the problem and gathers information systematically and seeks input from several sources. He should then consider a broad range of issues or factors while solving these problems. For this he collects the appropriate quantity of data for the situation and discusses it with all the team members before making a decision. He then draws accurate conclusions from quantitative data and makes decisions in an unbiased, objective manner using an appropriate process.For this process of decision making he u nderstands the concept of risk versus return and makes decision accordingly. 2. 7 Self management functions The project manager should be able to maintain focus and control when faced with ambiguity and uncertainty and should be able to show consistency among principles, values and carriage. He should be resilient and tenacious in the face of pressure, opposition, constraints, or adversity. being the head of the project he should manage implementations effectively and should recognize as someone who gets things done. He should continuously seek feedbacks from the team members and modify his behavior accordingly. He should take keen interest in learning and self development opportunities. 2. 8 Motivational and personal development functions Project manager should consider individual skills, values and interest of all his team members when grant or delegating tasks to them. He should allow team ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 8 NICMAR members an appropriate amount of freedom to do t he job. He should accurately access individual strength and development call for of his team members to complete the work effectively.He should continuously offer opportunities for personal and lord growth to his team members. He should arrange for training program and continuously seeks support to his team member when needed. He should pass credit on to the individuals and promote their positive visibility to upper management. He should give timely, specific and constructive feedback to all his team members. 2. 9 Customer awareness functions Project manager should be able to anticipate customers needs effectively and proactively strives to satisfy them.He should be able to accurately give the customers verbalized wants into what they very needs. He should be able to understand customers and their business and actively build and maintain unanimous customer relationships. He should understand customers issues, concerns and queries and try to resolve them effectively. He should a ctively strive to exceed customer expectations. 2. 10 Organizational savvy functions Project manager should involve the right people at the right time for a particular job. Understands, accepts and properly uses power and influence in relationships.He should build and leverage formal and informal networks to get things done. He should know the mission, structure and functions of the organizations and others. He should understand profitability and general management philosophy. He balance interests and needs of team/project with those of the broader organization. 2. 11 Project Managers Unofficial Job Duties The functional competencies listed above represents official duties of the typical project manager. In fact, if organization has developed a job description for project managers, it probably includes many of these functional competencies.What we wont find in job description are the unofficial duties that Project Managers perform in the course of carrying out their mission. Lets i mage some of the key ones ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 9 NICMAR artists model This refers to the apparent need to provide close guidance or little instructions to certain individuals. This situation results from any number of root causes. The grade may be under qualified, lack of confidence or barely crave attention. Salesperson There will be times when they will have to rely heavily on their ability to influence thers to wander an idea, sell themselves or perhaps sell the virtues of Project Management. Most of the exchange situations will be helpful and have positive outcomes. However if he find himself spending too overmuch time selling Project Management, they may signal deeper underline problems such as issues of trust or confidence. If most of the selling he does to his management, he is in trouble this is a signal that life as a project manager may be exceptionally challenging. Teacher This is an example of an unofficial role that actually yields positive roles.In fact , superior project managers will be able to educate and develop those they work with as they manage the project. Friend Maintaining companionship and professional relationship with the same people is difficult. However if they can do it they will benefit greatly. An open, informal and comfortable communication linkage is much more likely to keep them supplied with more of the information they need than formal, uncompromising and stiff team meetings. Finally avoid the trap of believing that he is been put in charge of a project so he has risen above his peers and friendship no longer matters. . Conclusion The Project Manager is a key ingredient in the success of a Project. In addition to providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling the Project, the manager should cause a set of skills that will both inspire the project team to succeed and win the confidence of the customer. Effective Project Managers have strong leadership ability, the ability to develop people, ex cellent communication skills, good inter personal skills, the ability to handle stress, problem solving skills and time management skills. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 10